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References

1. Kuss, Daria (2013). "Internet gaming addiction: current perspectives". Psychology Research and Behavior Management 6 (6): 125–137. doi:10.2147/PRBM.S39476. PMID 24255603.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3832462
2. Shenfield, Tali. "Is your child a gaming addict?". http://www.psy-ed.com/wpblog/child-gaming-addiction/. 
3. Grant, Jon: Impulse Control Disorders: A Clinician's Guide to Understanding and Treating Behavioral Addictions
4. Johnson, Paul M; Kenny, Paul J (2010). "Dopamine D2 receptors in addiction-like reward dysfunction and compulsive eating in obese rats". Nature Neuroscience 13 (5): 635–41. doi:10.1038/nn.2519. PMID 20348917.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2947358
5. American Society of Addiction Medicine. Public Policy Statement: Definition of Addiction. https://www.asam.org/resources/definition-of-addiction
6. Lin, Fuchun; Zhou, Yan; Du, Yasong; Qin, Lindi; Zhao, Zhimin; Xu, Jianrong; Lei, Hao (2012). Frasch, Martin Gerbert. ed. "Abnormal White Matter Integrity in Adolescents with Internet Addiction Disorder: A Tract-Based Spatial Statistics Study". PLOS ONE 7 (1): e30253. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0030253. PMID 22253926. Bibcode: 2012PLoSO...730253L.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3256221
7. Dong, Guangheng; Huang, Jie; Du, Xiaoxia (2011). "Enhanced reward sensitivity and decreased loss sensitivity in Internet addicts: An fMRI study during a guessing task". Journal of Psychiatric Research 45 (11): 1525–9. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.06.017. PMID 21764067.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jpsychires.2011.06.017
8. Dong, Guangheng; Zhou, Hui; Zhao, Xuan (2011). "Male Internet addicts show impaired executive control ability: Evidence from a color-word Stroop task". Neuroscience Letters 499 (2): 114–8. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2011.05.047. PMID 21645588.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neulet.2011.05.047
9. Yuan, Kai; Qin, Wei; Wang, Guihong; Zeng, Fang; Zhao, Liyan; Yang, Xuejuan; Liu, Peng; Liu, Jixin et al. (2011). Yang, Shaolin. ed. "Microstructure Abnormalities in Adolescents with Internet Addiction Disorder". PLOS ONE 6 (6): e20708. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020708. PMID 21677775. Bibcode: 2011PLoSO...620708Y.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3108989
10. Kim, Sang Hee; Baik, Sang-Hyun; Park, Chang Soo; Kim, Su Jin; Choi, Sung Won; Kim, Sang Eun (2011). "Reduced striatal dopamine D2 receptors in people with Internet addiction". NeuroReport 22 (8): 407–11. doi:10.1097/WNR.0b013e328346e16e. PMID 21499141.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1097%2FWNR.0b013e328346e16e
11. Du, W; Liu, J; Gao, X; Li, L; Li, W; Li, X; Zhang, Y; Zhou, S (2011). "Functional magnetic resonance imaging of brain of college students with internet addiction" (in zh). 中南大学学报 （医学版） [Journal of Central South University (Medical sciences)] 36 (8): 744–9. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1672-7347.2011.08.008. PMID 21937800. http://xbyx.xysm.net/xbwk/fileup/PDF/201108744.pdf. Retrieved 18 July 2013. 
12. Alavi, SS; Maracy, MR; Jannatifard, F; Eslami, M (2011). "The effect of psychiatric symptoms on the internet addiction disorder in Isfahan's University students". Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 16 (6): 793–800. PMID 22091309.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3214398
13. "Introduction to behavioral addictions". Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abuse 36 (5): 233–241. September 2010. doi:10.3109/00952990.2010.491884. PMID 20560821. "Naltrexone, a mu-opioid receptor antagonist approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of alcoholism and opioid dependence, has shown efficacy in controlled clinical trials for the treatment of pathological gambling and kleptomania (76–79), and promise in uncontrolled studies of compulsive buying (80), compulsive sexual behavior (81), internet addiction (82), and pathologic skin picking (83). ... Topiramate, an anti-convulsant which blocks the AMPA subtype of glutamate receptor (among other actions), has shown promise in open-label studies of pathological gambling, compulsive buying, and compulsive skin picking (85), as well as efficacy in reducing alcohol (86), cigarette (87), and cocaine (88) use. N-acetyl cysteine, an amino acid that restores extracellular glutamate concentration in the nucleus accumbens, reduced gambling urges and behavior in one study of pathological gamblers (89), and reduces cocaine craving (90) and cocaine use (91) in cocaine addicts. These studies suggest that glutamatergic modulation of dopaminergic tone in the nucleus accumbens may be a mechanism common to behavioral addiction and substance use disorders (92).".  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3164585
14. "Drug Addiction Treatment & Admissions Overview" (in en-US). https://riveroakstreatment.com/addiction-recovery-tampa/admissions/. 
15. Starcevic, Vladan; Khazaal, Yasser (2017-04-07). "Relationships between Behavioural Addictions and Psychiatric Disorders: What Is Known and What Is Yet to Be Learned?". Frontiers in Psychiatry 8: 53. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00053. ISSN 1664-0640. PMID 28439243.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5383701
16. "Craving Facebook? UAlbany Study Finds Social Media to be Potentially Addictive, Associated with Substance Abuse". http://www.albany.edu/news/56604.php. 
17. "Transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms of addiction". Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 12 (11): 623–637. November 2011. doi:10.1038/nrn3111. PMID 21989194. "ΔFosB has been linked directly to several subtstance-related behaviors ... Importantly, genetic or viral overexpression of ΔJunD, a dominant negative mutant of JunD which antagonizes ΔFosB- and other AP-1-mediated transcriptional activity, in the NAc or OFC blocks these key effects of drug exposure14,22–24. This indicates that ΔFosB is both necessary and sufficient for many of the changes wrought in the brain by chronic drug exposure. ΔFosB is also induced in D1-type NAc MSNs by chronic consumption of several natural rewards, including sucrose, high fat food, sex, wheel running, where it promotes that consumption14,26–30. This implicates ΔFosB in the regulation of natural rewards under normal conditions and perhaps during pathological addictive-like states.".  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3272277
18. Olsen CM (December 2011). "Natural rewards, neuroplasticity, and non-drug addictions". Neuropharmacology 61 (7): 1109–22. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.03.010. PMID 21459101.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3139704
19. "Sex, drugs, and rock 'n' roll: hypothesizing common mesolimbic activation as a function of reward gene polymorphisms". Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 44 (1): 38–55. 2012. doi:10.1080/02791072.2012.662112. PMID 22641964. "It has been found that deltaFosB gene in the NAc is critical for reinforcing effects of sexual reward. Pitchers and colleagues (2010) reported that sexual experience was shown to cause DeltaFosB accumulation in several limbic brain regions including the NAc, medial pre-frontal cortex, VTA, caudate, and putamen, but not the medial preoptic nucleus. Next, the induction of c-Fos, a downstream (repressed) target of DeltaFosB, was measured in sexually experienced and naive animals. The number of mating-induced c-Fos-IR cells was significantly decreased in sexually experienced animals compared to sexually naive controls. Finally, DeltaFosB levels and its activity in the NAc were manipulated using viral-mediated gene transfer to study its potential role in mediating sexual experience and experience-induced facilitation of sexual performance. Animals with DeltaFosB overexpression displayed enhanced facilitation of sexual performance with sexual experience relative to controls. In contrast, the expression of DeltaJunD, a dominant-negative binding partner of DeltaFosB, attenuated sexual experience-induced facilitation of sexual performance, and stunted long-term maintenance of facilitation compared to DeltaFosB overexpressing group. Together, these findings support a critical role for DeltaFosB expression in the NAc in the reinforcing effects of sexual behavior and sexual experience-induced facilitation of sexual performance. ... both drug addiction and sexual addiction represent pathological forms of neuroplasticity along with the emergence of aberrant behaviors involving a cascade of neurochemical changes mainly in the brain's rewarding circuitry.".  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4040958
20. "Neural mechanisms of addiction: the role of reward-related learning and memory". Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 29: 565–598. 2006. doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.29.051605.113009. PMID 16776597.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.neuro.29.051605.113009
21. "Addiction-related gene regulation: risks of exposure to cognitive enhancers vs. other psychostimulants". Prog. Neurobiol. 100: 60–80. January 2013. doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.10.001. PMID 23085425.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3525776
22. Kanehisa Laboratories (2 August 2013). "Alcoholism – Homo sapiens (human)". http://www.genome.jp/kegg-bin/show_pathway?hsa05034+2354. 
23. "Natural and drug rewards act on common neural plasticity mechanisms with ΔFosB as a key mediator". J. Neurosci. 33 (8): 3434–42. February 2013. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4881-12.2013. PMID 23426671. "Together, these findings demonstrate that drugs of abuse and natural reward behaviors act on common molecular and cellular mechanisms of plasticity that control vulnerability to drug addiction, and that this increased vulnerability is mediated by ΔFosB and its downstream transcriptional targets.".  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3865508
24. Brewer, Judson A.; Potenza, Marc N. (2008). "The neurobiology and genetics of impulse control disorders: Relationships to drug addictions". Biochemical Pharmacology 75 (1): 63–75. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2007.06.043. PMID 17719013.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2222549
25. Girault, Jean-Antoine; Greengard, P (2004). "The Neurobiology of Dopamine Signaling". Archives of Neurology 61 (5): 641–4. doi:10.1001/archneur.61.5.641. PMID 15148138.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1001%2Farchneur.61.5.641
26. Dichiara, G; Bassareo, V (2007). "Reward system and addiction: What dopamine does and doesn't do". Current Opinion in Pharmacology 7 (1): 69–76. doi:10.1016/j.coph.2006.11.003. PMID 17174602.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.coph.2006.11.003