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Topic Review
Multi-Attribute Decision-Making Methods in Additive Manufacturing
Multi-attribute decision-making (MADM) refers to making preference decisions via assessing a finite number of pre-specified alternatives under multiple and usually conflicting attributes. Many problems in the field of additive manufacturing (AM) are essentially MADM problems or can be converted into MADM problems. 
  • 1.3K
  • 02 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Influence of Cold Spray Parameters on Bonding Mechanisms
The cold spray process is governed by the impact of high velocity feedstock particles onto a substrate without melting. Hence, the bulk material properties are retained. However, it is challenging to achieve good adhesion strength. The adhesion strength depends on factors such as the cold spray process parameters, substrate conditions, coating/substrate interactions at the interface and feedstock material properties. This entry examines fundamental studies concerning the adhesion mechanisms of cold spray technology and considers the effect of cold spray input parameters such as temperature, stand-off-distance, pressure, process gas, spray angle, and traverse speed of the cold spray torch on the bonding mechanism and adhesion strength. Furthermore, the effects of substrate conditions such as temperature, hardness, roughness and material on the adhesion mechanism are highlighted. The effect of feedstock properties, such as feed rate, shape and size are summarized. Understanding the effect of these parameters is necessary to obtain the optimal input parameters that enable the best interfacial properties for a range of coating/substrate material combinations. It is expected that feedstock of spherical morphology and small particle size (<15 μm) provides optimal interfacial properties when deposited onto a mirror-finished substrate surface using high pressure cold spray. Deep insights into each parameter exposes the uncovered potential of cold spray as an additive manufacturing method.
  • 1.3K
  • 11 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Abrasive Waterjet Machining
Abrasive Waterjet Machining (AWJM) is considered a viable alternative to conventional machining processes, due to its capability of rendering even complex features on parts with high productivity. However, it is currently also important for manufacturing processes to comply with the various aspects of sustainability, by putting emphasis on the environmental dimension apart from the economic. Although AWJM generally is considered an inherently environmentally friendly process, it is required that thorough experimental studies be carried out to evaluate the sustainability of AWJM under various conditions. 
  • 1.3K
  • 14 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Failures and Flaws in Fused Deposition Modeling
The potential failures and flaws associated with fused deposition modeling (FDM) or fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printing technology are highlighted. The focus is on presenting the failures and flaws that are caused by the operational standpoints and which are based on the many years of experience with current and emerging materials and equipment for the 3D printing of polymers and composites using the FDM/FFF method. FDM or FFF 3D printing, which is also known as an additive manufacturing (AM) technique, is a material processing and fabrication method where the raw material, usually in the form of filaments, is added layer-by-layer to create a three-dimensional part from a computer designed model.
  • 1.3K
  • 13 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Green Composites for Maritime Engineering
Green composites have gained increasing attention as a sustainable alternative to traditional materials used in marine structures. These composites are made from biodegradable and renewable materials, making them environmentally friendly and reducing the subsequent carbon footprint. 
  • 1.3K
  • 22 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Orthopedic Implants in Biomaterials Using Additive Manufacturing Technologies
The additive manufacturing (AM) process is used for joining materials to make objects from 3D model data, usually layer upon layer, contrary to subtractive manufacturing methods. This technology plays a significant role in fabricating orthopedic implants, especially parts of hip implants (HI), such as femoral head, stem, neck, polyethylene linear, acetabular shell, and so on, using biomaterials. These biodegradable resources are those that can be utilized as tissue substitutes since they are accepted by live tissues. 
  • 1.3K
  • 20 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Novel Manufacturing Methods for Textile-Reinforced Concrete
Textile-reinforced concrete (TRC) is a composite material consisting of a concrete matrix with a high-performance reinforcement made of technical textiles. TRC offers unique mechanical properties for the construction industry, enabling the construction of lightweight, material-minimized structures with high load-bearing potential. In addition, compared with traditional concrete design, TRC offers unique possibilities to realize free-form, double-curved structures. 
  • 1.3K
  • 25 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Efficiency-Based Global Green Manufacturing Innovation Index
Manufacturing Innovation Index (GGMII) was developed by formulating an input-oriented data envelopment analysis model. Criteria such as the value added to the gross domestic product (GDP), corresponding CO2 emissions, and unemployment rates were examined in order to represent the economic, environmental, and social dimensions of SD, respectively. Other scientific and technological dimensions were also considered. The data corresponding to all ten of the criteria were collected from World Bank Open Data. 
  • 1.3K
  • 21 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Geometrical Design of Lattices in Additive Manufacturing
Additive manufacturing (AM, also known as 3D printing) is an advanced manufacturing technique that has enabled progress in the design and fabrication of customised or patient-specific (meta-)biomaterials and biomedical devices (e.g., implants, prosthetics, and orthotics) with complex internal microstructures and tuneable properties. Several design guidelines have been proposed for creating porous lattice structures, particularly for biomedical applications.
  • 1.3K
  • 25 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Automatic Recognition of 2D Engineering Drawings
In an environment where manufacturing precision requirements are increasing, complete project plans can consist of hundreds of engineering drawings. The presentation of these drawings often varies based on personal preferences, leading to inconsistencies in format and symbols. The lack of standardization in these aspects can result in inconsistent interpretations during subsequent analysis. Therefore, proper annotation of engineering drawings is crucial as it determines product quality, subsequent inspections, and processing costs. To reduce the time and cost associated with interpreting and analyzing drawings, as well as to minimize human errors in judgment, researchers developed an engineering drawing recognition system. Existing 2D engineering drawings serve as the training data, and image segmentation is performed to identify objects such as dimensions, tolerances, functional frames, and geometric symbols in the drawings using the network model. By reading the coordinates corresponding to each object, the correct values are displayed.
  • 1.3K
  • 27 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Digital Twin Technology in a Human-in-Loop Setting
The increase in computational capability has led to an unprecedented increase in the range of new applications where machine learning can be used in real time. Notwithstanding the range of use cases where automation is now feasible, humans are likely to retain a critical role in the operation and certification of manufacturing systems for the foreseeable future. Digital twin technology is a virtual representation of a system, updated by real-time data, that uses simulation, machine learning (ML), and reasoning to enhance decision-making. This idea promises to give production systems real-time control.
  • 1.3K
  • 31 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Optimization of Friction Stir Welding Process
The important friction stir welding process (FSW) parameters affecting the joint quality are the rotational speed, tilt angle, traverse speed, axial force, and tool profile geometry.
  • 1.3K
  • 13 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Visual Measurement Methods for Metal Evaporation in LPBF
Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) is of great importance for the visual measurement and analysis of the metallization process, which is the process of solid, liquid, and gas phase transformations of metal powders under high-energy laser irradiation due to the low boiling point/high saturated vapor pressure. More and more researchers are using imaging technologies, such as high-speed X-ray, high-speed visible light cameras, and high-speed schlieren imaging, to perform noncontact visual measurements and analyses of the melt pool, vapor plume, and spatter during the metal evaporation process.
  • 1.3K
  • 14 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Taxonomy of Product–Service System Perturbation
Perturbations have a negative influence on the operation of the business system, which may weaken business performance. Product–service system (PSS) perturbations could be classified into six categories, namely, behavioral, social, environmental, competence, resource, and organizational perturbations. The proposed terminology and taxonomy appear to be effective, which could enable researchers to understand the scope of PSS perturbations on a conceptual level. This finding is also expected to provide useful knowledge and information for researchers who are interested in vulnerability analysis and the robust design of PSS.
  • 1.2K
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Connected Vehicle
A connected vehicle is an electric vehicle connected with different communication systems that enable its connection to external devices, networks, applications, and services.
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Digital Twins in Tool and Component Wear Monitoring
Machine tools are widely used in modern manufacturing industries to produce high-quality products with increased productivity and efficiency. However, every machine tool is unique due to its individual characteristics (dynamics and tolerances). This individuality results from a complex interplay of different machine components, which may cause variations in the machine tool’s performance over time. The increasing trend towards individualism of products leads to smaller batch sizes, which requires production processes that can adapt quickly and efficiently to changes in product requirements. Digital Twins play a pivotal role in optimising processes and deriving actionable insights that extend beyond on-site calculations. These dynamic representations of systems demand real-time data on the actual state of machinery, rather than static images depicting idealized configurations.
  • 1.2K
  • 24 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Large-Strain-Extrusion Machining
Bulk nanostructured metals and alloys are finding increasing structural applications due to their superior mechanical properties. The methods that rely on the severe plastic deformation technique for effecting microstructural refinement through imposing large strains are utilized mostly to produce nanostructured materials. The machining process has been demonstrated as a simple process for severe plastic deformation by imposing large strains through a single pass of the cutting tool where strains in a range of 1–15 can be imposed for a variety of materials by varying the cutting conditions and tool geometry. However, the geometry of the resulting chip subjected to severe plastic deformation during the machining process is not under control and, hence, a variant of the machining process, called the large-strain-extrusion machining process, has been proposed and utilized extensively for producing bulk nanostructured materials. Large-strain-extrusion machining possesses simultaneous control over microstructure refinement, through managing the strain during large-strain machining, and the shape and dimension of the resulting chip by the extrusion process.
  • 1.2K
  • 17 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Direct Laser Deposition of Inconel 625
The direct laser deposition (DLD) process has seen rigorous research in the past two decades due to its ability to directly manufacture products followed by minimal machining. The process input variables play a vital role in determining the properties achieved in the products manufactured by the DLD method. Inconel 625, a nickel-based superalloy with exceptional mechanical performance and corrosion resistance, has been used in critical applications within the aerospace, process, and marine industry.
  • 1.2K
  • 11 May 2023
Topic Review
Laser-Directed Energy Deposition of Metal Matrix Composites
Multi-material structure fabrication has the potential to address some critical challenges in today’s industrial paradigm. While conventional manufacturing processes cannot deliver multi-material structures in a single operation, additive manufacturing (AM) has come up as an appealing alternative. In particular, laser-directed energy deposition (L-DED) is preferred for multi-material AM. The most relevant applications envisioned for multi-material L‑DED are alloy design, metal matrix composites (MMC), and functionally graded materials (FGM). In view of the industrial relevance of high-performance coatings as tools to mitigate wear, the development of reliable processes to produce MMC coatings is imperative. The tight control of the energy input, together with the ability to tune the composition of the feedstock as an additional process variable, makes L-DED a promising solution. Nonetheless, there are still some issues that need to be faced before multi-material L-DED is ready for industrial use. The identified challenges include—but are not limited to—tightly controlling the composition of the multi-material powder mixture injected into the melt pool; understanding the influence of the thermal history of the process on microstructural aspects, including the interactions between constituents; and studying the in-service behaviour of MMCs with regard to their durability and failure modes.
  • 1.2K
  • 03 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Zeiss Inner Rail
Zeiss Inner Rail, often simply called Zeiss rail, is a ringless telescopic sight mounting system introduced by Zeiss in 1990 as an alternative to traditional ring mounts. A patent was granted in 1992, and the patent expired in 2008. The mounting system is now also offered on sights sold by other major manufacturers, such as Blaser, Leica, Minox, Meopta, Nikon, Noblex (formerly Docter), Schmidt & Bender and Steiner. It has therefore, in some sense, become the industry standard for scope mounting rails. The system has so far seen most use on the European high end market.
  • 1.2K
  • 30 Nov 2022
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