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Topic Review
3D Tissue and Organ Reconstruction
Bi-dimensional culture systems have represented the most used method to study cell biology outside the body for over a century. Although they convey useful information, such systems may lose tissue-specific architecture, biomechanical effectors, and biochemical cues deriving from the native extracellular matrix, with significant alterations in several cellular functions and processes. Notably, the introduction of three-dimensional (3D) platforms that are able to re-create in vitro the structures of the native tissue, have overcome some of these issues, since they better mimic the in vivo milieu and reduce the gap between the cell culture ambient and the tissue environment. 3D culture systems are currently used in a broad range of studies, from cancer and stem cell biology, to drug testing and discovery. 
  • 1.0K
  • 24 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Effects of Ellagic Acid in Neurological Diseases
Aging is associated with several diseases that threaten the health of older people, such as neurodegenerative diseases, which cause indelible and irreversible damage to both the physical and psychological well-being of older people and impose a heavy burden on their families and society. In recent years, a large number of studies have focused on the therapeutic effects of Ellagic Acid, demonstrating the health benefits of EA for neurodegenerative diseases. Three common neurological diseases are described here: AD, PD, and cerebral ischemia as well as the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory protective effects of EA.
  • 1.0K
  • 26 Oct 2022
Topic Review
TGR5
Takeda G protein-coupled receptor (TGR5) is a metabolic regulator, which is also involved in inflammatory responses. TGR5 belongs to the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily.
  • 1.0K
  • 02 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Curcumin Targeting Non-Coding RNAs in Colorectal Cancer
Colorectal cancer is one of the most common gastrointestinal malignancies, with high incidence rates, a low rate of early diagnosis, and complex pathogenesis. In recent years, there has been progress made in its diagnosis and treatment methods, but tumor malignant proliferation and metastasis after treatment still seriously affect the survival and prognosis of patients. Therefore, it is an extremely urgent task of current medicine to find new anti-tumor drugs with high efficiency and safety and low toxicity. Curcumin has shown potent anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory effects and is considered a hot spot in the research and development of anti-tumor drugs due to its advantages of precise efficacy, lower toxic side effects, and less drug resistance. Recent studies have revealed that curcumin has anti-tumor effects exerted on the epigenetic regulation of tumor-promoting/tumor-suppressing gene expression through the alteration of expression levels of non-coding RNAs (e.g., lncRNAs, miRNAs, and circRNAs). The interaction between curcumin and non-coding RNAs on the occurrence and development of colorectal cancer is summarized herein.
  • 1.0K
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Classification of Trinucleotides/Codons
Ariadne’s thread on the path of our discovery of DNA and genetic code symmetries was our trinucleotide classification. Trinucleotides of each DNA genome and codons of the genetic code consist of four nitrogenous bases: two purines (adenine (A) and guanine (G)) and two pyrimidines (cytosine (C) and thymine (T) or uracil (U)). Thus, three of the bases are found in both DNA and the genetic code, whereas thymine is unique to DNA, and uracil is unique to the genetic code. A nucleotide is formed in the cell when the base attaches itself to the 1′ carbon of the sugar and phosphate attaches itself to the 5′ carbon of the same sugar the nucleotide takes its name from.
  • 1.0K
  • 04 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Cancer, Retrogenes, and Evolution
The retroposition, in which the processed mRNA from parental genes undergoes reverse transcription and the resulting cDNA is integrated back into the genome, results in additional copies of existing genes. Despite the initial misconception, retroposition-derived copies can become functional, and due to their role in the molecular evolution of genomes, they have been named the “seeds of evolution”. It is convincing that retrogenes, as important elements involved in the evolution of species, also take part in the evolution of neoplastic tumor at the cell and species levels. The occurrence of specific “resistance mechanisms” to neoplastic transformation in some species has been noted. This phenomenon in some cases has been related to additional gene copies, including retrogenes. In addition, retrogene expression correlates with the occurrence of specific cancer subtypes, their stages, and their response to therapy. Phylogenetic insights into retrogenes show that most cancer-related retrocopies arose in the lineage of primates, and the number of identified cancer-related retrogenes demonstrates that these duplicates are quite important players in human carcinogenesis.
  • 1.0K
  • 16 Apr 2021
Topic Review
MicroRNAs
In the past decade, microRNAs (miRNAs), a group of noncoding small RNAs, have emerged as functionally significant regulatory molecules with the significant capability of fine-tuning biological processes. The important role of miRNAs in inflammation and immune responses is highlighted by studies in which the regulation of miRNAs in the host was shown to be related to infectious diseases and associated with the eradication or susceptibility of the infection.
  • 1.0K
  • 13 May 2022
Topic Review
Binding of Various Aminopolycarboxylates
Synthetic aminopolycarboxylates like ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) are common chelating agents. EDTA-degrading bacterium Chelativorans sp. BNC1 uses an ABC-type transporter for the uptake of free EDTA into its cells for biodegradation. The key component of the transporter is a periplasmic EDTA-binding protein, EppA, and the structural and functional analyses indicate that EppA is a general binding protein for the uptake of free aminopolycarboxylates, suggesting that stable metal-chelate complexes are not transported into the cells for biodegradation and explaining the persistence of stable metal-EDTA complexes in the environment.
  • 1.0K
  • 02 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Aromatase in Breast Cancer Treatment
The current therapeutic approach for the treatment of hormone dependent breast cancer includes interference with estrogen receptors via either selective modulators or estrogens deprivation, by preventing their biosynthesis with aromatase inhibitors. Severe side effects and acquired resistance are drawbacks of both drug classes, and the efforts to overcome these issues still allow for research in this field to be animated. This review reports on recent findings that have opened new avenues for reconsidering the role of aromatase enzyme (and estrogen receptors) leading to the possibility of looking at well-known targets in a new perspective.
  • 1.0K
  • 14 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Edible Mushrooms in Muscle Foods
Mushrooms are valued around the world as culinary delicacies and are popularly known as “vegetable meat” in many cultures. Botanically, they are the fruiting bodies of macroscopic filamentous saprophytic fungi that grow above ground. Mushrooms are considered as next-generation healthy food components. Owing to their low content of fat, high-quality proteins, dietary fibre, and the presence of nutraceuticals, they are ideally preferred in the formulation of low-caloric functional foods.
  • 1.0K
  • 11 May 2021
Topic Review
Virus-Specific Immunity in TMEV-Induced Demyelination
The infection of susceptible mice with Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) establishes persistent viral infections and induces chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease.
  • 1.0K
  • 31 May 2021
Topic Review
Whole Genome Amplification and the appropriate DNA polymerases
In the same way that specialized DNA polymerases (DNAPs) replicate cellular and viral genomes, only a handful of dedicated proteins from various natural origins as well as engineered versions are appropriate for competent exponential amplification of whole genomes and metagenomes (WGA). Different applications have led to the development of diverse protocols, based on various DNAPs. Isothermal whole genomes and metagenomes (WGA) is currently widely used due to the high performance of Φ29 DNA polymerase, but polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods are also available and can provide competent amplification of certain samples. Replication fidelity and processivity must be considered when selecting a suitable enzyme for WGA. However, other properties, such as thermostability, capacity to couple replication, and double helix unwinding, or the ability to maintain DNA replication opposite to damaged bases, are also very relevant for some applications.
  • 1.0K
  • 29 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Glycation-Associated Diabetic Nephropathy and Long Noncoding RNAs
The glycation of various biomolecules is the root cause of many pathological conditions associated with diabetic nephropathy and end-stage kidney disease. Glycation imbalances metabolism and increases renal cell injury. Numerous therapeutic measures have narrowed down the adverse effects of endogenous glycation, but efficient and potent measures are miles away. Recent advances in the identification and characterization of noncoding RNAs, especially the long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), have opened a mammon of new biology to explore the mitigations for glycation-associated diabetic nephropathy. Furthermore, tissue-specific distribution and condition-specific expression make lncRNA a promising key for second-generation therapeutic interventions.
  • 1.0K
  • 03 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Nuclear P38
One of the hallmarks of MAPK signaling is the nuclear translocation of some of its components upon stimulation. This is important for the regulation of transcription, activation of enzymes and stabilisation of proteins that lead to the induced  processes involved in the response to the particular stimulation or pathologies. Here we describe the nuclear function regulation and mechanism of translocation of two central MAPKs, namely P38α/β that are involved in the regulation of a variety of processes including mainly stress response. 
  • 1.0K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Vimentin-Binding Aptamer Motifs for Ovarian Cancer
The application of aptamers in biomedicine is emerging as an essential technology in the field of cancer research. As small single-stranded DNA or RNA ligands with high specificity and low immunogenicity for their targets, aptamers provide many advantages in cancer therapeutics over protein-based molecules, such as antibodies. Vimentin is an intermediate filament protein that is overexpressed in endothelial cells of cancerous tissue. High expression levels of vimentin have been associated with increased capacity for migration and invasion of the tumor cells. We have selected and identified thioated aptamers with high specificity for vimentin using human ovarian cancer tissues. Tentative binding motifs were chosen for two vimentin aptamers based on predicted secondary structures. Each of these shorter, tentative binding motifs was synthesized, purified, and characterized via cell binding assays. Two vimentin binding motifs with high fidelity binding were selected and further characterized via cell and tissue binding assays, as well as flow cytometric analysis. The equilibrium binding constants of these small thioated aptamer constructs were also determined. Future applications for the vimentin binding aptamer motifs include conjugation of the aptamers to synthetic dyes for use in targeted imaging and therapy, and ultimately more detailed and precise monitoring of treatment response and tumor progression in ovarian pathology. 
  • 1.0K
  • 11 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Physiological Function of Fleshy Fruit Cuticle
Fleshy fruits represent a valuable resource of economic and nutritional relevance for humanity. The plant cuticle is the external lipid layer covering the nonwoody aerial organs of land plants, and it is the first contact between fruits and the environment. It has been hypothesized that the cuticle plays a role in the development, ripening, quality, resistance to pathogen attack and postharvest shelf life of fleshy fruits. Among the known functions  of the fleshy fruit cuticle can be mentioned the water loss regulation and the fruits responses to post harvest storage conditions such as refrigeration, high temperature, low temperature, UV light exposure, ethylene treatments and controlled atmospheres. Furthermore, the cuticle plays a role during pathogen infection protection and physiological alterations.  
  • 1.0K
  • 10 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Use of Lateral Flow Assays in Forensics
Already for decades lateral flow assays (LFAs) are ‘common use’ devices in daily life. Also, for forensic use LFAs are developed, such as for the analysis of illicit drugs and DNA, but also for the detection of explosives and body fluid identification. Despite their advantages, including ease-of-use, LFAs are not yet frequently applied at a crime scene. 
  • 1.0K
  • 20 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Calcium- and Integrin-Binding Protein 2 (CIB2)
Calcium- and integrin-binding protein 2 (CIB2) is a small EF-hand protein capable of binding Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions. Its biological function remains largely unclear, an increasing number of studies have shown that CIB2 is an essential component of the mechano-transduction machinery that operates in cochlear hair cells. In addition, CIB2 has been implicated in a multitude of very different processes, ranging from integrin signaling in platelets and skeletal muscle to autophagy, suggesting extensive functional plasticity.
  • 999
  • 22 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Diacylglycerol Kinase in the Amelioration of Diabetic Nephropathy
The drastic increase in the number of patients with diabetes and its complications is a global issue. Diabetic nephropathy, the leading cause of chronic kidney disease, significantly affects patients’ quality of life and medical expenses. Furthermore, there are limited drugs for treating diabetic nephropathy patients. Impaired lipid signaling, especially abnormal protein kinase C (PKC) activation by de novo-synthesized diacylglycerol (DG) under high blood glucose, is one of the causes of diabetic nephropathy. DG kinase (DGK) is an enzyme that phosphorylates DG and generates phosphatidic acid, i.e., DGK can inhibit PKC activation under diabetic conditions. Indeed, it has been proven that DGK activation ameliorates diabetic nephropathy.
  • 999
  • 27 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Hematopoietic Stem Cells and Metabolic Program
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in bone marrow continuously supply a large number of blood cells throughout life in collaboration with hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs). HSCs and HPCs are thought to regulate and utilize intracellular metabolic programs to obtain metabolites, such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is necessary for various cellular functions. The metabolic programs of tissue stem/progenitor cells and their underlying molecular mechanisms have been elucidated using a variety of metabolic analysis methods.
  • 999
  • 05 Jan 2023
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