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Topic Review
Nano/Microrobots in Action for Gastrointestinal Tract Diseases
Nano/microrobots (NMRs) are tiny devices that can convert energy into motion and operate at nano/microscales.54 Especially in biomedical research, NMRs have received much attention over the past twenty years because of their excellent capabilities and great potential in various applications, including on-demand drug delivery, gene and cell transport, and precise microsurgery. Reports published in recent years show that synthetic nano/microrobots have promising potential to function in the gastrointestinal (GI) region, particularly in terms of drug delivery.
  • 1.6K
  • 20 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Diagnosis and Assessment of Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy
Degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM) manifests as the primary cause of spinal cord dysfunction and is non-traumatic, chronic and progressive in nature. Decompressive surgery is typically utilised to halt further disability and neurological dysfunction and as such, early diagnosis and assessment is a vital means of slowing the disease process. Currently, there exists a plethora of methods for diagnosing DCM, each with their own unique limitations. The limitations of current diagnostic techniques and some novel quantitative MRI (qMRI) techniques for assessing spinal cord integrity in DCM were described here.
  • 1.6K
  • 28 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Spanish Baccalaureate
The Spanish Baccalaureate (Spanish: Bachillerato) is the post-16 stage of education in Spain, comparable to the A Levels/Higher (Scottish) in the UK, the French Baccalaureate in France or the International Baccalaureate. It follows the ESO (compulsory stage of secondary education). After taking the Bachillerato, a student may enter vocational training (Higher-level Training Cycles, Ciclos Formativos de Grado Superior) or take the "Selectividad" tests for admission to university. There are two parts, a core curriculum with the compulsory subjects and a specialist part with a number of pre-selected branches to choose from.
  • 1.6K
  • 26 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Fructose and Cardiac Arrhythmogenesis
Fructose is a main dietary sugar involved in the excess sugar intake-mediated progression of cardiovascular diseases and cardiac arrhythmias. Chronic intake of fructose has been the focus on the possible contributor to the metabolic diseases and cardiac inflammation. Recently, the small intestine was identified to be a major organ in fructose metabolism. The overconsumption of fructose induces dysbiosis of the gut microbiota, which, in turn, increases intestinal permeability and activates host inflammation. Endotoxins and metabolites of the gut microbiota, such as lipopolysaccharide, trimethylamine N-oxide, and short-chain fatty acids, also influence the host inflammation and cardiac biofunctions. Thus, high-fructose diets cause heart–gut axis disorders that promote cardiac arrhythmia. Understanding how gut microbiota dysbiosis-mediated inflammation influences the pathogenesis of cardiac arrhythmia may provide mechanisms for cardiac arrhythmogenesis.
  • 1.6K
  • 11 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Vegetative Desiccation Tolerance in Pteridophytes
Pteridophytes (lycophytes and ferns) is a highly diverse group of plant species that occupy a wide range of habitats including ecosystems with extreme climatic conditions. There is a significant number of pteridophytes that can tolerate desiccation by temporarily arresting their metabolism in the dry state and reactivating it upon rehydration. In agreement with their phylogenetic position, vegetative desiccation tolerance in pteridophytes has previously been proposed as an intermediate mechanism between the constitutive mechanisms exhibited by bryophytes and the inducible response of desiccation-tolerant angiosperms. Protection mechanisms in pteridophytes include accumulation of sugars (mainly sucrose), increase in the levels of enzymatic (for example, SOD, CAT, POD, GR) and non-enzymatic antioxidants, induction of proteins with a protective role (like LEA, ELIPs), among others.
  • 1.6K
  • 12 May 2022
Topic Review
β-Amyloid and Tau Protein in Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the major causes of dementia and its incidence represents approximately 60–70% of all dementia cases worldwide. Many theories have been proposed to describe the pathological events in AD, including deterioration in cognitive function, accumulation of β-amyloid, and tau protein hyperphosphorylation. Infection as well as various cellular molecules, such as apolipoprotein, micro-RNA, calcium, ghrelin receptor, and probiotics, are associated with the disruption of β-amyloid and tau protein hemostasis.
  • 1.6K
  • 11 Aug 2023
Topic Review
GOLPH3, a PI(4)P Binding Protein
Golgi phosphoprotein 3 (GOLPH3), a Phosphatidylinositol 4-Phosphate [PI(4)P] effector at the Golgi, is required for several intracellular functions, including Golgi ribbon structure maintenance, Golgi glycosylation and vesicle trafficking. It is amplified in several solid tumor types and its overexpression correlates with poor prognosis. GOLPH3 influences tumorigenesis through (i) regulation of Golgi-to-plasma membrane trafficking; (ii) turnover and glycosylation of cancer-relevant glycoproteins; (iii) influence on DNA damage response and maintenance of genomic stability.
  • 1.6K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Power Grid Infrastructures
This content presents a comprehensive review of protection systems with the penetration of microgrids in the distribution network. The expansion of a microgrid affects the coordination and protection by a change in the current direction in the distribution network. 
  • 1.6K
  • 01 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Photosensitive Substances
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is part of photochemotherapy and requires the presence of a photosensitive substance (drug, PS), oxygen, and a powerful light source in the area of absorption of the PS used.
  • 1.6K
  • 13 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Alloplastic Bone Substitutes
Various bone graft products are commercially available worldwide. However, there is no clear consensus regarding the appropriate bone graft products in different clinical situations. This study is intended to summarize bone graft products, especially alloplastic bone substitutes that are available in multiple countries. It also provides dental clinicians with detailed and accurate information concerning these products. Furthermore, it discusses the prospects of alloplastic bone substitutes based on an analysis of the current market status, as well as a comparison of trends among countries. 
  • 1.6K
  • 17 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Metal (Mo, W, Ti) Carbides for Dry Reforming
Dry reforming of hydrocarbons (DRH) is a pro-environmental method for syngas production. It owes its pro-environmental character to the use of carbon dioxide, which is one of the main greenhouse gases. Transition metal carbides (TMCs) can potentially replace traditional nickel catalysts due to their stability and activity in DR processes. 
  • 1.6K
  • 18 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Fe-TiO2 Photocatalysts on Porous Platforms for Water Purification
Polyethylene glycol-modified titanium dioxide (PEG-modified TiO2) nanopowders were prepared using a fast solvothermal method under microwave irradiation, and without any further calcination processes. These nanopowders were further impregnated on porous polymeric platforms by drop-casting. The effect of adding iron with different molar ratios (1, 2, and 5%) of iron precursor was investigated. The approach developed in this work originated novel functionalized photocatalytic platforms, which were revealed to be promising for the removal of organic dyes from wastewater.
  • 1.6K
  • 11 Apr 2022
Topic Review
KCNQ Channels
The broad distribution of voltage-gated potassium channels (VGKCs) in the human body makes them a critical component for the study of physiological and pathological function. Within the KCNQ family of VGKCs, these aqueous conduits serve an array of critical roles in homeostasis, especially in neural tissue.
  • 1.6K
  • 19 May 2022
Topic Review
Vitamin A and Pregnancy
Vitamin A is a crucial micronutrient for pregnant women and their fetuses. In addition to being essential for morphological and functional development and for ocular integrity, vitamin A exerts systemic effects on several fetal organs and on the fetal skeleton. 
  • 1.6K
  • 09 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Active Design
Active Design is a set of building and planning principles that promote physical activity. Active design in a building, landscape or city design integrates physical activity into the occupants' everyday routines, such as walking to the store or making a photocopy. Active design involves urban planners, architects, transportation engineers, public health professionals, community leaders and other professionals in building places that encourage physical activity as an integral part of life. While not an inherent part of active design, most designers employing "active design" are also concerned with the productive life of their buildings and their building's ecological footprint.
  • 1.6K
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Cygnus CRS Orb-3
Cygnus CRS Orb-3, also known as Orbital Sciences CRS Flight 3 or Orbital 3, was an attempted flight of Cygnus, an automated cargo spacecraft developed by United States-based company Orbital Sciences, on 28 October 2014. The mission was intended to launch at 6:22 PM that evening. This flight, which would have been its fourth to the International Space Station and the fifth of an Antares launch vehicle, resulted in the Antares rocket exploding seconds after liftoff.
  • 1.6K
  • 24 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Red Blood Cells
Red blood cells are the most common type of blood cell and the vertebrate body's principal means of delivering oxygen from the lungs or gills to body tissues via the blood. Red blood cells are also known as RBCs or erythrocytes (from Greek erythros for "red" and kytos for "hollow", with cyte nowadays translated as "cell"). A schistocyte is a red blood cell undergoing fragmentation, or a fragmented part of a red blood cell.
  • 1.6K
  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review
IcedTea
IcedTea is a build and integration project for OpenJDK launched by Red Hat in June 2007. IcedTea also includes some addon libraries: IcedTea-Web is a free software implementation of Java Web Start and the Java web browser applet plugin. IcedTea-Sound is a collection of plugins for the Java sound subsystem, including the PulseAudio provider which used to be included with IcedTea. The Free Software Foundation recommends that all Java programmers use IcedTea as their development environment. Historically, the initial goal of the IcedTea project was to make the OpenJDK software, which Sun Microsystems released as free software in 2007, usable without requiring any proprietary software, and hence make it possible to add OpenJDK to Fedora and other Linux distributions that insist on free software. This goal was met, and a version of IcedTea based on OpenJDK was packaged with Fedora 8 in November 2007. April 2008 saw the first release of a new variant, IcedTea6, which is based on Sun's build drops of OpenJDK6, a fork of the OpenJDK with the goal of being compatible with the existing JDK6. This was released in Ubuntu and Fedora in May 2008. The IcedTea package in these distributions has been renamed to OpenJDK using the OpenJDK trademark notice. In June 2008, the Fedora build passed Sun's rigorous TCK testing on x86 and x86-64. IcedTea 2, the first version based on OpenJDK 7, was released in October 2011. IcedTea 3, the first version based on OpenJDK 8, was released in April 2016. Support for IcedTea 1 was dropped in January 2017.
  • 1.6K
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Chemo-Immunotherapy in Cancer Treatment
Chemoimmunotherapy is an emerging treatment option for cancer that combines traditional chemotherapy with immunotherapy. This approach aims to increase the efficacy of cancer treatment by simultaneously targeting cancer cells through chemotherapy and boosting the immune system’s ability to fight cancer through immunotherapy.
  • 1.6K
  • 30 May 2023
Topic Review
Basic Principles of Microwave and Ultrasound Treatments
In the context of biorefinery and bioeconomy, lignocellulosic biomass is increasingly used to produce biofuels, biochemicals and other value-added products. Microwaves and ultrasound are emerging techniques that enable efficient and environmentally sustainable routes in the transformation of lignocellulosic biomass. 
  • 1.6K
  • 30 Nov 2023
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