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Topic Review
Trends of Target-Integrins for Fibrosis
Liver fibrosis is an intractable disease with high morbidity by advancing into liver cirrhosis that often causes organ failure, where the parenchymal cells are replaced with collagen species and other matrix proteins. Integrins are receptors for matrix proteins that essentially consist of fibrosis tissues, and some integrins activate latent-TGFβ a central driver of fibrosis.
  • 1.0K
  • 03 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Preventive Triple Gene Therapy
Currently, the main fundamental and clinical interest for stroke therapy is focused on developing a neuroprotective treatment of a penumbra region within the therapeutic window. The development of treatments for ischemic stroke in at-risk patients is of particular interest. Preventive gene therapy may significantly reduce the negative consequences of ischemia-induced brain injury. 
  • 1.0K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Natural Resistance of Plants
The over-reliance on herbicides to reduce weed infestation in crops has led to the rapid evolution of herbicide-resistant (HR) weeds. Weed resistance to herbicides should be minimized, as this can lead to serious limitations in the food security for people around the world. Landing page resistance can occur as a result of changes in the biochemical sites of the action of one herbicide. Inappropriate resistance occurs through mechanisms that reduce the number of herbicide molecules and reach their target site. In major field crops, synthetic herbicides are used to control weeds worldwide. Cross-resistance can occur with herbicides from the same or different herbicide families, and with the same or different sites of action. Multiple resistance refers to the evolved mechanisms of resistance to more than one herbicide (e.g., resistance to inhibitors (ALS) and (ACC), and this resistance has resulted from separate selection processes). Currently, weed re-sistance has been transferred to 161 different herbicides, covering twenty-three of the twenty-six known herbicide sites. We can protect crops that are associated with herbicide tolerant weeds through biochemical, genetic and crop control strategies. The “European Green Deal” forces producers to change their approaches to plant protection. The emphasizes the importance and advantages of enhancing the natural resistance of plants to pests, with particular emphasis on the importance of oxylipins in plant protection. The summarize the latest research on the reaction of plants to pesticides, including herbicides, in order to assess the possibility of using jasmonates and brassinosteroids to stimulate the natural, induced systemic immunity of plants, as well as investigate the possibility of the interaction of oxylipins with ethylene, salicylates and other compounds.
  • 1.0K
  • 16 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Angiotensin II-Induced Long Non-Coding RNA Alivec Regulates Chondrogenesis
Angiotensin II (AngII)-regulated Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) Alivec functions, at least in part, to mediate the AngII-induced chondrogenic transformation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) implicated in vascular dysfunction and hypertension. 
  • 1.0K
  • 10 Mar 2023
Topic Review
SnR30/U17 Small Nucleolar Ribonucleoprotein
The small nucleolar RNA snR30 (U17 in humans) plays a unique role during ribosome synthesis. Unlike most members of the H/ACA class of guide RNAs, the small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein (snoRNP) complex assembled on snR30 does not direct pseudouridylation of ribosomal RNA (rRNA), but instead snR30 is critical for 18S rRNA processing during formation of the small subunit (SSU) of the ribosome. Specifically, snR30 is essential for three pre-rRNA cleavages at the A0/01, A1/1, and A2/2a sites in yeast and humans, respectively. Accordingly, snR30 is the only essential H/ACA guide RNA in yeast. However, the molecular mechanism of snR30 and how it promotes pre-rRNA processing remains under investigation.
  • 1.0K
  • 21 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Lateral Flow Technologies Detect COVID-19
Lateral flow technology (also known as lateral flow assay) plays a critical role in POC testing, as the technique is rapid, cost-effective, and can be operated by untrained personnel. Lateral flow technologies can be classified as follows: lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA), nucleic acid lateral flow assay (NLFA), and nucleic acid lateral flow immunoassay (NALFIA). LFIA is able to detect antibodies/antigens, while NLFA uses a DNA or RNA probe to detect nucleic acid. Moreover, NALFIA uses both antibodies/antigens and nucleic acid as biomarkers for the detection of antigens/antibodies or amplicons.
  • 1.0K
  • 15 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Carbonic Anhydrases Inhibitors
Carbon dioxide (CO2), a vital molecule of the carbon cycle, is a critical component in living organisms’ metabolism, performing functions that lead to the building of compounds fundamental for the life cycle. In all living organisms, the CO2/bicarbonate (HCO3−) balancing is governed by a superfamily of enzymes, known as carbonic anhydrases (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1). CAs catalyze the pivotal physiological reaction, consisting of the reversible hydration of the CO2 to HCO3− and protons.
  • 1.0K
  • 08 May 2021
Topic Review
Antibodies induced by Glycosphingolipids
Glycosphingolipids containing very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) regulate several immune responses, such as cytokine production, immune signaling, and antibody induction. Here, we report that immunization with glycosphingolipids containing-VLCFAs can efficiently induce the production of anti-glycan antibodies by B cells.
  • 1.0K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Microglial Phagocytosis
       Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common autoimmune and demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS), characterized, in the majority of cases, by initial relapses that later evolve into progressive neurodegeneration, severely impacting patients’ motor and cognitive functions. Despite the availability of immunomodulatory therapies effective to reduce relapse rate and slow disease progression, they all failed to restore CNS myelin that is necessary for MS full recovery. Microglia are the primary inflammatory cells present in MS lesions, therefore strongly contributing to demyelination and lesion extension. Thus, many microglial-based therapeutic strategies have been focused on the suppression of microglial pro-inflammatory phenotype and neurodegenerative state to reduce disease severity.
  • 1.0K
  • 25 Aug 2020
Topic Review
Mining the Immunopeptidome for Antigenic Peptides in Cancer
Harnessing the immune system for cancer therapy has shown success, however the response to immunotherapy has been limited. Deciphering the immunopeptidome repertoire of cancer cells is crucial for identifying neoantigens. To date the emphasis has been on mutations. However, there is more to neoantigens than mutations. Thus, there is a need to identify other types of neoantigens that are commonly expressed in a cancer type that are presented by MHC class I and class II, to induce a cytotoxic CD8+ T and CD4+ T response, respectively. The immunopeptidome encompasses protein post-translation modifications (PTMs), which are overlooked by genome or transcriptome profiling. This entry covers how the immunopeptidome can yield novel cancer-specific antigens, focusing on PTMs and their applications.
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  • 26 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Entrectinib—An Inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry
This entry describes entrectinib as an antiviral drug.
  • 1.0K
  • 20 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Timing of Metastatic Colorectal Cancer
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most frequently diagnosed cancer worldwide, where ~50% of patients develop metastasis, despite current improved management. Genomic characterisation of metastatic CRC, and elucidating the effects of therapy on the metastatic process, are essential to help guide precision medicine. Multi-region whole-exome sequencing was performed on 191 sampled tumour regions of patient-matched therapy-naïve and treated CRC primary tumours (n = 92 tumour regions) and metastases (n = 99 tumour regions), in 30 patients. Somatic variants were analysed to define the origin, composition, and timing of seeding in the metastatic progression of therapy-naïve and treated metastatic CRC. High concordance, with few genomic differences, was observed between primary CRC and metastases. Most cases supported a late dissemination model, via either monoclonal or polyclonal seeding. Polyclonal seeding appeared more common in therapy-naïve metastases than in treated metastases. Whereby, treatment prompted for the selection of distinct resistant clones, through monoclonal seeding to distant metastatic sites. Overall, this study reinforces the importance of early clinical detection and surgical excision of the CRC tumour, whilst further highlighting the clinical challenges for metastatic CRC with increased intratumour heterogeneity (either due to early dissemination or polyclonal metastatic spread) and the underlying risk of future therapeutic resistance in treated patients.
  • 1.0K
  • 20 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Hippophae rhamnoides/Cassia fistula Extracts
The work deals with the in vitro evaluations of the pod extracts of C. fistula which are shown to exert better antioxidant and enzymatic properties than those exhibited by the fruit extract of H. rhamnoides.
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  • 03 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Human Mitochondrial Pyruvate Carrier
Human mitochondrial pyruvate carriers (hMPCs), which are required for the uptake of pyruvate into mitochondria, are associated with several metabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes and various cancers. Yeast MPC was recently demonstrated to form a functional unit of heterodimers. However, human MPC-1 (hMPC-1) and MPC-2 (hMPC-2) have not yet been individually isolated for their detailed characterization, in particular in terms of their structural and functional properties, namely, whether they exist as homo- or heterodimers. In this study, hMPC-1 and hMPC-2 were successfully isolated in micelles and they formed stable homodimers. However, the heterodimer state was found to be dominant when both hMPC-1 and hMPC-2 were present. In addition, as heterodimers, the molecules exhibited a higher binding capacity to both substrates and inhibitors, together with a larger structural stability than when they existed as homodimers. Taken together, our results demonstrated that the hetero-dimerization of hMPCs is the main functional unit of the pyruvate metabolism, providing a structural insight into the transport mechanisms of hMPCs.
  • 1.0K
  • 24 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Skeletal Muscle and Stress Proteins
All organisms and cells respond to various stress conditions by up-regulating the expression and/or activation of a group of proteins called heat shock proteins (HSPs). Although their expression is induced by several stimuli, they are commonly recognized as HSPs due to the first experiments showing their increased transcription after application of heat shock. These proteins are molecular chaperones mainly involved in assisting protein transport and folding, assembling multimolecular complexes, and triggering protein degradation by proteasome. In addition, they play a crucial role in gene expression regulation, DNA replication, signal transduction, cell differentiation, apoptosis, cellular senescence or immortalization, and intercellular communications. Heat shock proteins are classified according to their molecular weight in super heavy, 100, 90, 70, 60, 40, and small HSPs. Although they are the most highly conserved, ubiquitous, and abundant proteins in all organisms, their cellular stress response can depend on the class and stimulus.
  • 1.0K
  • 16 Apr 2021
Topic Review
MSC Senescence
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are a heterogeneous population of stromal cells capable of self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation into various tissues of mesodermal origin.
  • 1.0K
  • 02 Sep 2021
Topic Review
COVID-19 Vaccine Approved for Public Use
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak was first reported in Wuhan, China in December 2019, and was found to be caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) which is a novel pleomorphic, positive-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Coronaviridae family. Quickly, it has become a global pandemic, infecting more than 176 million people and causing the death of more than 3.8 million individuals, that we are yet to recover from. Thus, an ongoing quest is being carried out for prophylaxis/therapy to prevent the transition from infection into serious forms of COVID-19.
  • 1.0K
  • 30 Nov 2021
Topic Review
MS-Based Proteomics for Bipolar Disorder Potential Biomarkers Assessment
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a clinically heterogeneous condition, presenting a complex underlying etiopathogenesis that is not sufficiently characterized. Without molecular biomarkers being used in the clinical environment, several large screen proteomics studies have been conducted to provide valuable molecular information. Mass spectrometry (MS)-based techniques can be a powerful tool for the identification of disease biomarkers, improving prediction and diagnosis ability.
  • 1.0K
  • 27 May 2022
Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicles in Tumour Microenvironment
The tumour microenvironment (TME) contains cells of different origin, including cancer, immune, endothelial, and stromal cells. In the last decades extracellular vesicles (EV) released by these cells have gained attention as drivers of the TME diversity and tumour behaviour. In the TME, EV can switch tumour growth, immune-escape and metastatic spread or exert anti-tumour activity depending on their cell of origin and cargo. Moreover, since potentially detectable in different biological fluids, EV have been proposed as diagnostic and therapeutic, or “theragnostic” tools. Specifically, EV cargo has been considered a tumour “fingerprint”, and differentially expressed proteins and genetic materials proposed as potential targets for anti-cancer based therapies. Approaches using engineered EV or EV as naturally delivery system for “therapeutics” have been explored in preclinical models and their effectiveness, in targeting the TME, proven in primary and metastatic tumours. More recently, CAR-T cells and CAR EV combo platform have been proposed to improve the CAR-based anti-cancer approach. Likewise, their potential application for immune cell targeting has provide significant insights to move towards anti-cancer immunotherapeutic approaches. On these bases, a number of clinical trials aimed to deeply explore EV clinical application as anti-tumour based approach or “theragnostics” are on-going. Should validated as diagnostic/prognostic/anti-cancer tools the still open questions would be hopefully addressed and their clinical application would become the on-coming challenge against cancer. However, to move towards EV clinical application several hurdles including potency tests, scalability and full characterization in agreement with the regulatory agency should be solved.
  • 1.0K
  • 09 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Central Type-1 Cannabinoid Receptor Gene
Different neuromodulatory systems are involved in long-term energy balance and body weight and, among these, evidence shows that the endocannabinoid system, in particular the activation of type-1 cannabinoid receptor, plays a key role.
  • 1.0K
  • 18 Jan 2021
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