Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Cerebral Edema
Cerebral edema is excess accumulation of fluid (edema) in the intracellular or extracellular spaces of the brain. This typically causes impaired nerve function, increased pressure within the skull, and can eventually lead to direct compression of brain tissue and blood vessels. Symptoms vary based on the location and extent of edema and generally include headaches, nausea, vomiting, seizures, drowsiness, visual disturbances, dizziness, and in severe cases, coma and death. Cerebral edema is commonly seen in a variety of brain injuries including ischemic stroke, subarachnoid hemorrhage, traumatic brain injury, subdural, epidural, or intracerebral hematoma, hydrocephalus, brain cancer, brain infections, low blood sodium levels, high altitude, and acute liver failure. Diagnosis is based on symptoms and physical examination findings and confirmed by serial neuroimaging (computed tomography scans and magnetic resonance imaging). The treatment of cerebral edema depends on the cause and includes monitoring of the person's airway and intracranial pressure, proper positioning, controlled hyperventilation, medications, fluid management, steroids. Extensive cerebral edema can also be treated surgically with a decompressive craniectomy. Cerebral edema is a major cause of brain damage and contributes significantly to the mortality of ischemic strokes and traumatic brain injuries. As cerebral edema is present with many common cerebral pathologies, the epidemiology of the disease is not easily defined. The incidence of this disorder should be considered in terms of its potential causes and is present in most cases of traumatic brain injury, central nervous system tumors, brain ischemia, and intracerebral hemorrhage. For example, malignant brain edema was present in roughly 31% of people with ischemic strokes within 30 days after onset.
  • 1.7K
  • 07 Nov 2022
Biography
Mahmood Amiry-Moghaddam
Mahmood Amiry-Moghaddam, (born 21 April 1971) is a Norwegian-Iranian neuroscientist and human rights advocate. Amiry-Moghaddam spent his first few years in the city of Kerman about 1000 kilometers south-east of Tehran in Iran. He arrived in Norway as a refugee of minor age, via Pakistan in 1985. Amiry-Moghaddam completed his medical studies in 1996 at the University of Oslo, and later obtain
  • 1.7K
  • 15 Nov 2022
Biography
Oleg D. Jefimenko
Oleg Dmitrovich Jefimenko (October 14, 1922, Kharkiv, Ukraine – May 14, 2009, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States) was a physicist and Professor Emeritus at West Virginia University. Jefimenko received his B.A. degree at Lewis and Clark College in 1952 and his M. A. degree at the University of Oregon in 1954. He received his Ph.D. degree at the University of Oregon in 1956. Jefimenko w
  • 1.7K
  • 16 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Evolution of Microgrid Technology
Microgrids are energy systems that can operate independently or in conjunction with the main electricity grid. There are numerous subdomains of microgrid technology research, each of which focuses on a distinct component of microgrid design, operation, and management. Energy storage, control, power electronics and power quality, renewable energy integration, stability, storage, protection and cybersecurity, regulation and distribution, and economic and business models are some of the major areas of microgrid technology study.
  • 1.7K
  • 06 May 2023
Topic Review
Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) Resources in China
Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.), as an economically and ecologically valuable plant with rich nutritional and bioactive compounds, has garnered significant interest. The demand for Sea buckthorn has explosive growth, highlighting the urgent need for the cultivation of fast-growing, high-quality Sea buckthorn seedlings. However, there are still some controversies in Sea buckthorn germplasm resource research.
  • 1.7K
  • 28 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Doping Strategy for Manganese-Based Zinc-ion Battery Cathode
As one of the most appealing options for large-scale energy storage systems, the commercialization of aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) has received considerable attention due to their cost effectiveness and inherent safety. A potential cathode material for the commercialization of AZIBs is the manganese-based cathode, but it suffers from poor cycle stability, owing to the Jahn–Teller effect, which leads to the dissolution of Mn in the electrolyte, as well as low electron/ion conductivity. In order to solve these problems, various strategies have been adopted to improve the stability of manganese-based cathode materials. 
  • 1.7K
  • 13 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Predictive Maintenance Solutions for SMEs
Small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) play an important role in the economy of societies. Although environmental factors, such as COVID-19, as well as non-environmental factors, such as equipment failure, make these industries more vulnerable, they can be minimized by better understanding the concerns and threats these industries face. Only a few SMEs have the capacity to implement the innovative manufacturing technologies of Industry 4.0.
  • 1.7K
  • 29 Oct 2021
Topic Review
History of Rheumatic Fever/ Rheumatic Heart Disease Control
Rheumatic heart disease and rheumatic fever (RHD/RF) contributed to a substantial health burden upon the entire globe in the 19th and 20th centuries. As advances in public health improved throughout regions of the world now considered to be high-income countries (HICs), it was largely eradicated in these settings. Regrettably, RHD/RF remain endemic in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The historical context within which RHD/RF control was achieved in HICs may be of interest to researchers and policymakers active in the resurgent interest in RHD/RF seen in the prior two decades.
  • 1.7K
  • 17 May 2022
Topic Review
Origin of SMTP
Stachybotrys microspora triprenyl phenol (SMTP) is a large family of small molecules derived from the fungus S. microspora. SMTP acts as a zymogen modulator (specifically, plasminogen modulator) that alters plasminogen conformation to enhance its binding to fibrin and subsequent fibrinolysis. Certain SMTP congeners exert anti-inflammatory effects by targeting soluble epoxide hydrolase. SMTP congeners with both plasminogen modulation activity and anti-inflammatory activity ameliorate various aspects of ischemic stroke in rodents and primates. A remarkable feature of SMTP efficacy is the suppression of hemorrhagic transformation, which is exacerbated by conventional thrombolytic treatments.
  • 1.7K
  • 29 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Nutrients and Cognitive Neurodevelopment
Proper nutrition is crucial for normal brain and neurocognitive development. Failure to optimise neurodevelopment early in life can have profound long-term implications for both mental health and quality of life. Although the first 1000 days of life represent the most critical period of neurodevelopment, the central and peripheral nervous systems continue to develop and change throughout life. Besides their individual contributions, the interaction of nutrients with other micro- and macronutrients and the way in which they are organised in the food matrix are all of crucial importance for normal neurocognitive development. Also the gut-brain axis, including the gut microbiota, is an important modifier in this respect.
  • 1.7K
  • 12 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Neurodegeneration with Brain Iron Accumulation
The syndromes of neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA) encompass a group of invalidating and progressive rare diseases that share the abnormal accumulation of iron in the basal ganglia. The onset of NBIA disorders ranges from infancy to adulthood. Main clinical signs are related to extrapyramidal features (dystonia, parkinsonism and choreoathetosis), and neuropsychiatric abnormalities. Ten NBIA forms are widely accepted to be caused by mutations in the genes PANK2, PLA2G6, WDR45, C19ORF12, FA2H, ATP13A2, COASY, FTL1, CP, and DCAF17. However, many patients remain without a genetic diagnosis, and therefore, there must be additional yet undiscovered NBIA genes. The genetic heterogeneity and the corresponding encoded proteins emphasize that several pathways are involved in NBIA syndromes: iron and lipid metabolism, mitochondrial dynamics, and autophagy. Moreover, for these forms as well as for many neurodegenerative conditions, mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress are common mechanisms of disease.
  • 1.7K
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Vancomycin with Muramyl Pentapeptide
Vancomycin and a native muramyl pentapeptide ended with D-alanine (MPP-D-Ala), and vancomycin and a modified muramyl pentapeptide ended with D-serine (MPP-D-Ser) form complexes in a very specific way. This complexes provide a basis for characterizing the type and stability of the connection. The type of experimentally measured and computer-simulated interactions opens the field for discussion on possible modifications to the structure of vancomycin or muramyl pentapeptide to obtain their desired characteristics.
  • 1.7K
  • 07 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Methods of Improving Male Athletes Reactive Strength Index
The reactive strength index (RSI) describes the individual’s capability to quickly change from an eccentric muscular contraction to a concentric one and can be used to monitor, assess, and reduce the risk of athlete’s injury. Interventions with plyometric training routines have a relatively large, statistically significant overall effect in both adult and youth athletes. Thus, evidence supports implementing these types of interventions at an early age, in order to better cope with the physical demands of the various sports. Resistance training seems to have less impact on trained adult athletes; therefore, trained adult athletes should seek to have a more power-type training to improve the RSI.
  • 1.7K
  • 28 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Cellulose Nanocrystals
Cellulose has both highly ordered crystalline and amorphous regions in varying proportions, depending on its source. Removing the amorphous region influences the structure and crystallinity of the cellulose, resulting in the formation of CNCs. CNCs are needle-like particles made up of cellulose chain segments that have been organized in an almost defect-free crystalline structure with at least one dimension less-than-or-equal-to 100 nm. CNCs are also known as cellulose nanowhiskers, cellulose whiskers, and nanocrystalline cellulose, but CNCs is the most used term. CNCs have a high thermal stability, surface area, and crystallinity compared to bulk cellulose, which has more amorphous fractions. Different types of LCB waste have been used to extract CNCs such as cotton, pineapple leaf, sugarcane bagasse, walnut shell, soy hulls, bamboo fibre, and many more.
  • 1.7K
  • 29 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Phenolic Compound Family Extracted from Raspberries
In plant physiology, a phenolic compound family can act as an antioxidant and antimicrobial agent, and their biosynthesis follows the shikimate and phenylpropanoid pathways.
  • 1.7K
  • 04 Jul 2022
Biography
Pedro Antonio Valdes-Sosa
Pedro Antonio Valdes-Sosa (born March 12, 1950 in Chicago , Illinois, United States ), is the General Vice-Director for Research of the Cuban Neurosciences Center, which he cofounded in 1990. He is also Member of the Editorial Boards of the following journals: Neuroimage,[1] Medicc,[2] Audiology and Neurotology,[3] PLosOne[4] Frontiers, Neuroimage and Brain Connectivity. His work includes statis
  • 1.7K
  • 07 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Electrolyte Solvation Structure for Aqueous Zinc Ion Batteries
Zinc as an anode, with low potential (−0.762 V vs. SHE) and high theoretical capacity (820 mAh g−1 or 5854 mAh L−1), shows great promise for energy storage devices. The aqueous zinc ion battery (ZIB) is known as a prospective candidate for large-scale application in the future due to its high safety, environmental friendliness, abundant zinc resources on earth, and low-cost advantages. However, the existence of zinc dendrites and side reactions limit the practical application of ZIBs. Therefore, a lot of effort has been made to improve the performance from aspects including the structure design and surface modification of zinc anodes, regulation of the electrolyte solvation structure, and design of the functional separator.
  • 1.7K
  • 09 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Participism
Participism is a libertarian socialist political philosophy consisting of two independently created economic and political systems: participatory economics ("parecon") and participatory politics ("parpolity"). Participism is intended as an alternative to both capitalism and centrally-planned state socialism. Participism has significantly informed the International Organization for a Participatory Society.
  • 1.7K
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Morel in Heavy Metal-Contaminated Soils
Morel is a popular edible mushroom with considerable medicinal and economic value which has garnered global popularity. Given the susceptibility of morels to HM accumulation, the quality and output of morels are at risk, posing a serious food safety concern that hinders the development of the morel industry.
  • 1.7K
  • 09 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Crab-eating Raccoon
The Crab-eating Raccoon (Procyon cancrivorus) is a fascinating mammal species native to Central and South America. Renowned for its adaptable nature and varied diet, this raccoon species is often found in a range of habitats, including mangrove forests, wetlands, and coastal areas. Its distinctive name reflects its unique dietary preference for crustaceans, particularly crabs, although it also consumes a variety of other foods such as fruit, insects, and small vertebrates.
  • 1.7K
  • 28 Feb 2024
  • Page
  • of
  • 2800
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback