Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Clinical Applications of Polypodium leucotomos (Fernblock®) in Oncodermatology
Exposure to sun radiation leads to higher risk of sunburn, pigmentation, immunosuppression, photoaging and skin cancer. In addition to ultraviolet radiation (UVR), recent research indicates that infrared radiation (IR) and visible light (VIS) can play an important role in the pathogenesis of some of these processes. Detrimental effects associated with sun exposure are well known, but new studies have shown that DNA damage continues to occur long after exposure to solar radiation has ended. Regarding photoprotection strategies, natural substances are emerging for topical and oral photoprotection. In this sense, Fernblock®, a standardized aqueous extract of the fern Polypodium Leucotomos (PLE), has been widely administered both topically and orally with a strong safety profile. Thus, this extract has been used extensively in clinical practice, including as a complement to photodynamic therapy (PDT) for treating actinic keratoses (AKs) and field cancerization.
  • 1.0K
  • 21 Jul 2023
Topic Review
MG53 Tissue Repair Regenerative Medicine
Mitsugumin 53 (MG53), a TRIM family protein, plays a key role in repairing cell membrane damage and facilitating tissue regeneration. Clarifying the role of MG53 and its molecular mechanism are important for the application of MG53 in regenerative medicine. In this review, we analyze current research dissecting MG53's function in cell membrane repair and tissue regeneration, and highlight the development of recombinant human MG53 protein as a potential therapeutic agent to repair multiple-organ injuries.  
  • 1.0K
  • 22 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Physicochemical Characteristics of Exosomes
Exosomes have been proposed as prospective “Trojan horse” nanocarriers of anticancer theranostics owing to their biocompatibility, increased stability, permeability, negligible immunogenicity, prolonged circulation time, and high loading capacity.
  • 1.0K
  • 26 May 2023
Topic Review
HIF Activity
The Hypoxia Inducible Factor (HIF) family of heterodimeric transcription factors that consists of 3 HIFα members (namely HIF-1α, HIF-2α, and HIF-3α) and one HIFβ member (HIF-1β, best known as ARNT) is responsible for the transcriptional response of cells to oxygen deprivation.
  • 1.0K
  • 17 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Exosomes in Designing Drug Delivery Systems
Exosomes are a subpopulation of extravascular vesicles with a diameter of 30–150 nm. They are cellular-communication mediators, often reaching very distant organism tissues. Information is transferred by exosomal cargo, composed of a wide variety of macromolecules such as nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids. Exosomes possess natural specific cell targeting properties that are desirable in designing targeted macromolecules (DNA and RNA) and drug delivery systems (doxorubicin, paclitaxel, and taxol). In this context, exosomes can be defined as bio-derived drug transporting and protecting devices for the treatment of bacterial (toxoplasmosis and salmonellosis), viral (AIDS and hepatitis B), and cancer (lung, pancreatic, colon, brain, and breast) diseases. Extensive research proves that exosomes’ natural cargo can double-act, both increasing and decreasing the disease severity. In this case, the exosomes need to be prepared, namely, their origin and their cargo need to be screened and known. Thus, appropriate methods for intact and price-effective exosome isolation are needed with further exosome properties description. Among many utilized isolation methods, the most common are ultracentrifugation, polymer-based precipitation, and affinity precipitation-isolation systems, but novel microfluidic methods compromising high efficacy and purity are being developed. 
  • 1.0K
  • 19 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Multiple Myeloma (MM)
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematologic malignancy characterized by the accumulation of bone marrow (BM) clonal plasma cells, which are strictly dependent on the microenvironment.
  • 1.0K
  • 27 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Ankyrin Repeat-Containing Proteins
Ankyrin repeat (AR) domains are considered the most abundant repeat motif found in eukaryotic proteins. AR domains are predominantly known to mediate specific protein–protein interactions (PPIs) without necessarily recognizing specific primary sequences, nor requiring strict conformity within its own primary sequence.
  • 1.0K
  • 27 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Mitochondria and Aging
Mitochondria orchestrate the life and death of most eukaryotic cells by virtue of their ability to supply adenosine triphosphate from aerobic respiration for growth, development, and maintenance of the ‘physiologic reserve’. Biological aging is characterized by buildup of intracellular debris (e.g., oxidative damage, protein aggregates, and lipofuscin), which fuels a ‘vicious cycle’ of cell/DNA danger response activation (CDR and DDR, respectively), chronic inflammation (‘inflammaging’), and progressive cell deterioration. Therapeutic options that coordinately mitigate age-related declines in mitochondria and organelles involved in quality control, repair, and recycling are therefore highly desirable.
  • 1.0K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
The Mitochondrial ATP Synthase/IF1 Axis in Cancer Progression
Mitochondria are central hubs in cellular physiology integrating cellular metabolism, bioenergetics, the execution of cell death and signaling through different effectors like Ca2+, reactive oxygen species (mtROS), mtDNA and different metabolites. Studies have summarized the different functions that the mitochondrial ATP synthase and its inhibitor protein, Inhibitory Factor 1 (IF1), play in cellular biology and in cancer progression. It has overviewed the mechanism by which the ATP synthase/IF1 axis contributes to metabolic reprogramming to an enhanced glycolytic phenotype, both in cancer cells and in the maintenance of stemness, and its potential both as biomarkers of prognosis and as targets for therapy. Moreover, it have highlighted how the ATP synthase/IF1 axis contributes to the signaling of cell-type specific programs that allow the adaptation of the cell/organisms to different changing cues, and finally, how the ATP synthase/IF1 axis also participates in preventing the execution of cell death and hence, in therapeutic resistance of the carcinomas. It has emphasized that the relative low activity of mitochondrial metabolic pathways, such as oxidation of pyruvate coupled to oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and β-oxidation in lung adenocarcinomas, contribute to cancer progression.
  • 1.0K
  • 03 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Animal Model Systems of Parkinson’s Disease
Parkinson's disease is an advancing condition characterized by different types of physical and mental impairments. The characteristic features of Parkinson's disease include the buildup of improperly folded protein known as α-synuclein as Lewy bodies, as well as the deterioration of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) region, which impacts the patient's motor functions. Significant studies have been conducted to investigate the use of animal models for Parkinson's disease.
  • 1.0K
  • 05 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Drug-Induced Liver Injury Assessment by Metabolomics
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is one of the most frequent adverse clinical reactions and a relevant cause of morbidity and mortality. Hepatotoxicity is among the major reasons for drug withdrawal during post-market and late development stages, representing a major concern to the pharmaceutical industry. The biochemical parameters for the detection of DILI are based on enzymes (alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gammaglutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP)) and bilirubin serum levels that are not specific of DILI and therefore there is an increasing interest on novel, specific, DILI biomarkers discovery. Metabolomics has emerged as a tool with a great potential for biomarker discovery, especially in disease diagnosis, and assessment of drug toxicity or efficacy.
  • 1.0K
  • 07 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Thromboembolic complications of SARS-CoV-2
Covid-19 has the potential to cause severe damage to many tissues, including systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), acute respiratory disease syndrome (ARDS), multiorgan involvement, and shock. One of the most feared complications are thromboembolic events which lead to severe clinical phenotypes: worsening of pulmonary conditions, oxygen desaturation, and acute respiratory distress. Management choices should be considered according to the critical or chronic setting.                             Main pathophysiological mechanisms underlying thrombosis from Covid-19 are discussed, including metabolic derangements and hormonal factors.
  • 1.0K
  • 17 Jun 2021
Topic Review
COVIDomics
COVIDomics, namely, the proteomic and metabolomic signatures of COVID-19. Omics-based technologies have been largely adopted during the unprecedented global COVID-19 pandemic, allowing the scientific community to perform research on a large scale to understand the pathobiology of the SARS-CoV-2 infection and its replication into human cells. The application of omics techniques has been addressed to every level of application, from the detection of mutations, methods of diagnosis or monitoring, drug target discovery, and vaccine generation, to the basic definition of the pathophysiological processes and the biochemical mechanisms behind the infection and spread of SARS-CoV-2. Thus, the term COVIDomics wants to include those efforts provided by omics-scale investigations with application to the COVID-19 research. 
  • 1.0K
  • 14 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Ceramide/Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Axis
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is considered the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease and the leading cause of dementia worldwide. Sphingolipids, such as ceramide or sphingosine 1-phosphate, are bioactive molecules implicated in structural and signaling functions. Metabolic dysfunction in the highly conserved pathways to produce sphingolipids may lead to or be a consequence of an underlying disease.
  • 1.0K
  • 23 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Circulating Tumor DNA in Precision Oncology
Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) is a component of cell-free DNA (cfDNA) that is shed by malignant tumors into the bloodstream and other bodily fluids. ctDNA can comprise up to 10% of a patient’s cfDNA depending on their tumor type and burden.
  • 1.0K
  • 09 May 2022
Topic Review
HIF2α/ARNT Expression for Ischemic Heart Disease Therapy
Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is a major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide, with novel therapeutic strategies urgently needed. Endothelial dysfunction is a hallmark of IHD, contributing to its development and progression. Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are transcription factors activated in response to low oxygen levels, playing crucial roles in various pathophysiological processes related to cardiovascular diseases.
  • 1.0K
  • 26 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Vitamin D in Cognitive Dysfunction
Vitamin D is necessary for all vertebrates, including humans, to maintain adequate phosphate and calcium levels in the blood, thereby helping to develop normal bone, optimal maintenance of muscle contractions, and cellular functions in different parts of the body. The developmental disabilities induced by vitamin D deficiency (VDD) include neurological disorders (e.g., attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia) characterized by cognitive dysfunction. 
  • 1.0K
  • 28 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Preventive Triple Gene Therapy
Currently, the main fundamental and clinical interest for stroke therapy is focused on developing a neuroprotective treatment of a penumbra region within the therapeutic window. The development of treatments for ischemic stroke in at-risk patients is of particular interest. Preventive gene therapy may significantly reduce the negative consequences of ischemia-induced brain injury. 
  • 1.0K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
SnR30/U17 Small Nucleolar Ribonucleoprotein
The small nucleolar RNA snR30 (U17 in humans) plays a unique role during ribosome synthesis. Unlike most members of the H/ACA class of guide RNAs, the small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein (snoRNP) complex assembled on snR30 does not direct pseudouridylation of ribosomal RNA (rRNA), but instead snR30 is critical for 18S rRNA processing during formation of the small subunit (SSU) of the ribosome. Specifically, snR30 is essential for three pre-rRNA cleavages at the A0/01, A1/1, and A2/2a sites in yeast and humans, respectively. Accordingly, snR30 is the only essential H/ACA guide RNA in yeast. However, the molecular mechanism of snR30 and how it promotes pre-rRNA processing remains under investigation.
  • 1.0K
  • 21 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Carbonic Anhydrases Inhibitors
Carbon dioxide (CO2), a vital molecule of the carbon cycle, is a critical component in living organisms’ metabolism, performing functions that lead to the building of compounds fundamental for the life cycle. In all living organisms, the CO2/bicarbonate (HCO3−) balancing is governed by a superfamily of enzymes, known as carbonic anhydrases (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1). CAs catalyze the pivotal physiological reaction, consisting of the reversible hydration of the CO2 to HCO3− and protons.
  • 1.0K
  • 08 May 2021
  • Page
  • of
  • 133
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback