Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Role of Mitophagy in Regulating Intestinal Oxidative Damage
The mitochondrion is also a major site for maintaining redox homeostasis between reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and scavenging. The quantity, quality, and functional integrity of mitochondria are crucial for regulating intracellular homeostasis and maintaining the normal physiological function of cells. The role of oxidative stress in human disease is well established, particularly in inflammatory bowel disease and gastrointestinal mucosal diseases. Oxidative stress could result from an imbalance between ROS and the antioxidative system. Mitochondria are both the main sites of production and the main target of ROS. It is a vicious cycle in which initial ROS-induced mitochondrial damage enhanced ROS production that, in turn, leads to further mitochondrial damage and eventually massive intestinal cell death. Oxidative damage can be significantly mitigated by mitophagy, which clears damaged mitochondria. 
  • 559
  • 22 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Interactions between Non-Hematological and Multiple Myeloma Cells
Tumors are composed of a plethora of extracellular matrix, tumor and non-tumor cells that form a tumor microenvironment (TME) that nurtures the tumor cells and creates a favorable environment where tumor cells grow and proliferate. In multiple myeloma (MM), the TME is the bone marrow (BM). Non-tumor cells can belong either to the non-hematological compartment that secretes soluble mediators to create a favorable environment for MM cells to grow, or to the immune cell compartment that perform an anti-MM activity in healthy conditions. Indeed, marrow-infiltrating lymphocytes (MILs) are associated with a good prognosis in MM patients and have served as the basis for developing different immunotherapy strategies. However, MM cells and other cells in the BM can polarize their phenotype and activity, creating an immunosuppressive environment where immune cells do not perform their cytotoxic activity properly, promoting tumor progression.
  • 558
  • 10 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Targeting Protein Aggregates with Natural Products
Protein aggregation is one of the hallmarks of aging and aging-related diseases, especially for the neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), Huntington’s disease (HD), Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and others.
  • 557
  • 21 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Hypoxia-Related Unfolded Protein Response in Tumor Microenvironment
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a dynamic network that is created by blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, fibroblasts, immune cells as well as components such as the extracellular matrix (ECM) that establishes a “friendly ecosystem” for cancer cells. Hypoxia induces a cellular adaptive response that elevates the expression of the transcription factors called hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) that activate the global gene expression changes in both non-malignant and cancer cells. While most of the studies in this area have focused on the canonical responses to hypoxia, a better understanding is needed for the complex molecular changes that are found in the hypoxic TME. These changes include the deregulation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis, and the subsequent perturbations in protein folding and secretion. The potential for erratic protein folding can also lead to another specialized stress response signaling pathway called the unfolded protein response (UPR). The UPR promotes survival during hypoxia by restoring the endoplasmic and mitochondrial homeostasis, but at times, it can also inhibit the cancer cell’s survival. The maturation of transmembrane and secretory proteins that include proangiogenic receptors and ligands as well as ECM remodeling enzymes takes place in the ER. 
  • 554
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Neutrophils in Brief
Neutrophils, often referred to as the unsung heroes of the immune system, are a type of white blood cell that plays a pivotal role in safeguarding our health. These versatile immune warriors are the first responders to infections and inflammation, acting as the frontline defense against invading pathogens. With their characteristic multi-lobed nuclei and granulated appearance, neutrophils may appear unassuming, but their functions are anything but ordinary. Neutrophils employ an impressive arsenal of tactics to combat threats. They execute phagocytosis, engulfing and neutralizing pathogens within specialized compartments. They release potent antimicrobial proteins and enzymes, such as defensins and lysozyme, to directly attack invaders. Neutrophils can also form intricate structures called neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) to immobilize and trap microbes. Beyond their role in innate immunity, recent discoveries have unveiled their participation in adaptive immunity, influencing long-lasting immunological memory. Despite their humble appearance, neutrophils are essential components of our body's defense mechanisms, diligently working to maintain our overall health.
  • 553
  • 28 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Exosomal Cargos on Osteosarcoma Progression
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a primary malignant bone tumor with high metastasis. Poor prognosis highlights a clinical need for novel therapeutic strategies. Exosomes, also known as extracellular vesicles, have been identified as essential players in the modulation of cancer. OS-derived exosomes can drive pro-tumorigenic or anti-tumorigenic phenotypes by transferring specific cargos, including proteins, nucleic acids, and metabolites, to neighboring cells, significantly impacting the regulation of cellular processes. 
  • 553
  • 15 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Human Dickkopf-3 in Development, Immune Modulation and Cancer
The human Dickkopf (DKK) family includes four main secreted proteins, DKK-1, DKK-2, DKK-3, and DKK-4, as well as the DKK-3 related protein soggy (Sgy-1 or DKKL1). These glycoproteins play crucial roles in various biological processes, and especially modulation of the Wnt signaling pathway. DKK-3 is distinct, with its multifaceted roles in development, stem cell differentiation and tissue homeostasis. Intriguingly, DKK-3 appears to have immunomodulatory functions and a complex role in cancer, acting as either a tumor suppressor or an oncogene, depending on the context. DKK-3 is a promising diagnostic and therapeutic target that can be modulated by epigenetic reactivation, gene therapy and DKK-3-blocking agents.
  • 551
  • 09 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Microbiomics in Carcinogenesis
The microbiota–gut–brain axis consists of the brain, glands, gut, immune cells, and gastrointestinal microbiota. Both the central and enteric nervous systems regulate the communication between the gastrointestinal tract and the brain and apart from the nervous system, it is also regulated through hormones and immunological signalling. Multiple lines of evidence confirm the existence of the gut–brain axis.
  • 550
  • 27 Oct 2021
Topic Review
N-Glycomics of Human Erythrocytes
Glycosylation is a complex post-translational modification that conveys functional diversity to glycoconjugates. Cell surface glycosylation mediates several biological activities such as induction of the intracellular signaling pathway and pathogen recognition. Red blood cell (RBC) membrane N-glycans determine blood type and influence cell lifespan. Although several proteomic studies have been carried out, the glycosylation of RBC membrane proteins has not been systematically investigated.
  • 550
  • 01 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Kidney–Gut Axis as Target for Chronic Kidney Disease
A well-balanced diet is integral for overall health, aiding in managing key risk factors for kidney damage like hypertension while supplying necessary precursors for metabolite production. Dietary choices directly influence the composition and metabolic patterns of the gut microbiota, showing promise as therapeutic tools for addressing various health conditions, including chronic kidney diseases (CKD). CKD pathogenesis involves a decline in the glomerular filtration rate and the retention of nitrogen waste, fostering gut dysbiosis and the excessive production of bacterial metabolites. These metabolites act as uremic toxins, contributing to inflammation, oxidative stress, and tissue remodeling in the kidneys. Dietary interventions hold significance in reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, potentially slowing CKD progression. Functional ingredients, nutrients, and nephroprotective phytoconstituents could modulate inflammatory pathways or impact the gut mucosa. The “gut–kidney axis” underscores the impact of gut microbes and their metabolites on health and disease, with dysbiosis serving as a triggering event in several diseases, including CKD. 
  • 548
  • 31 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Steatohepatitis, Mitochondria, and Inflammasome
Alcoholic (ASH) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are advanced stages of fatty liver disease and two of the most prevalent forms of chronic liver disease. ASH and NASH are associated with significant risk of further progression to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most common type of liver cancer, and a major cause of cancer-related mortality. Mitochondrial damage and activation of inflammasome complexes have a role in inducing and sustaining liver damage.
  • 546
  • 25 May 2022
Topic Review
Probiotic Strains Impact Promising Disease Therapies
Probiotic strains, the beneficial microorganisms known for their health-enhancing properties, have been gaining significant attention in the realm of disease therapeutics. These tiny powerhouses work by restoring the balance of gut bacteria, which is crucial for maintaining overall health. By doing so, they improve digestion, boost immune function, and alleviate various gastrointestinal disorders such as diarrhea and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). This article delves into how probiotics not only support general health but also play a promising role in the therapeutic landscape of diseases.
  • 545
  • 31 Oct 2024
Topic Review
Altered Glucose Dependency in Drug-Resistant Cancer Cells
A chemotherapeutic approach is crucial in malignancy management, which is often challenging due to the development of chemoresistance. Over time, chemo-resistant cancer cells rapidly repopulate and metastasize, increasing the recurrence rate in cancer patients. Targeting these destined cancer cells is more troublesome for clinicians, as they share biology and molecular cross-talks with normal cells. 
  • 544
  • 22 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Invertebrate Models Untangle PD Mechanism
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, afflicting ~10 million people worldwide. Although several genes linked to PD are currently identified, PD re-mains primarily an idiopathic disorder. Neuronal protein α-synuclein is a major player in disease progression of both genetic and idiopathic forms of PD. However, it cannot alone explain under-lying pathological processes. Recent studies demonstrate that many other risk factors can acceler-ate or further worsen brain dysfunction in PD patients. Several PD models, including non-mammalian eukaryotic organisms, have been developed to identify and characterize these factors.
  • 542
  • 03 May 2021
Topic Review
Kinesin Family Member C1 (KIFC1/HSET) and Breast Cancer
Breast carcinogenesis involves a series of key molecular deregulatory events that prompt normal cells to bypass tumor-suppressive senescence barriers. Kinesin family member C1 (KIFC1/HSET), a microtubule binding protein of the kinesin-14 family, prevents the death of cells with centrosome amplification (CA), which is a hallmark of cancer. Kinesin family member C1 (KIFC1/HSET), which confers survival of cancer cells burdened with extra centrosomes, has been observed in premalignant and pre-invasive lesions, and its expression has been shown to correlate with increasing neoplastic progression. Additionally, KIFC1 has been associated with aggressive breast tumor molecular subtypes, such as basal-like and triple-negative breast cancers.
  • 542
  • 07 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Major Depression as a Mitochondria-Associated Disease
The link between mitochondria and major depressive disorder (MDD) is increasingly evident, underscored both by mitochondria’s involvement in many mechanisms identified in depression and the high prevalence of MDD in individuals with mitochondrial disorders. Mitochondrial functions and energy metabolism are increasingly considered to be involved in MDD’s pathogenesis.
  • 542
  • 16 Jan 2024
Topic Review
CDC6 as Key Inhibitory Regulator of CDK1 Activation
The kinetics of Cyclin Dependent Kinase 1 (CDK1) activation must be strictly controlled to guarantee a timely and physiological entry into mitosis. CDC6, a known S-phase regulator, has been found as a critical component in mitotic CDK1 activation cascade in early embryonic divisions. It acts due to association with Xic1 serving as a bona fide CDK1 inhibitor upstream of Aurora A and Polo-Like Kinase 1 (PLK1), both of which are CDK1 activators.
  • 540
  • 05 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Small Leucine-Rich Proteoglycan Impact on Cancer Pathogenesis
Cancer is a complex disease in which cells and their environment are altered. A tumor microenvironment contains tumor cells, normal tissue cells, blood vessels, cells of the immune system, stromal cells, and the extracellular matrix (ECM). The small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs) are molecules that consist of a protein core and glycosaminoglycan chains. SLRPs are released by the cells into the surrounding matrix. These biomolecules can react with molecules on the cell surface and secreted biomolecules and modify signaling, which regulates cell behavior. Their expression changes during cancer development, contributing to cancer growth and metastases.
  • 540
  • 13 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Somatic Cell Sources for Reprogramming
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) were first generated by Yamanaka in 2006, revolutionizing research by overcoming limitations imposed by the use of embryonic stem cells. In terms of the conservation of endangered species, iPSC technology presents itself as a viable alternative for the manipulation of target genetics without compromising specimens.
  • 539
  • 01 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Histomorphological Changes in Fish Gut after Prebiotics/Probiotics Treatment
Activities such as the digestion and absorption of feeds occur into the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), which also serves to excrete waste products of digestion. These processes occur thanks to the different species of microorganisms inhabiting the GIT, the microbiota, which contribute to the health status of fish by providing metabolic benefits and counteracting pathogen infection. The microbiota is affected by environmental conditions and by the dietary habits of fish species, and it may be modulated by the administration of feed additives based on prebiotics and probiotics. These represent a very useful tool to improve the health status of fish since they are able to enhance gut efficiency, nutrient uptake, defense against pathogens, and growth performance, as may also be assessed by histological endpoints.
  • 537
  • 13 Sep 2023
  • Page
  • of
  • 81
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback