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Topic Review
BRCA Mutation Status on TILs
High lymphocytic infiltration (TILs) seem to reflect favorable host antitumor immune responses. In breast cancer, the variation of TILs before and after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) according to BRCA status has been poorly described. 
  • 822
  • 20 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation
Autologous stem cell transplantation (auto-SCT) has been the standard of care in eligible newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (MM) patients. Outcomes of patients with MM have improved significantly due to the advent of several novel drugs. Upfront use of these drugs in induction therapy has significantly increased the rate and depth of responses that have translated into longer remission and survival. In addition, post-SCT maintenance have even further improved the PFS and OS in patients. Patients with renal insufficiency and older patients are now able to safely undergo auto-SCT. Evolving role of minimal residual disease together with emerging role of bispecific antibodies provide patients with more effective choices and better outcomes.
  • 822
  • 10 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Thyroid Diseases and Breast Cancer
Multiple lines of evidence indicated a significant relationship between thyroid carcinomas and other primary extra-thyroidal malignancies (EM), especially breast cancer. For the latter, a prominent association was also found with benign thyroid diseases. Factors other than oncologic treatments may play a role in the initiation and progression of a second primary malignancy. The molecular links between thyroid autoimmunity and breast cancer remain, however, unidentified, and different hypotheses have been proposed.
  • 822
  • 14 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Tumour Proliferation and Imaging Biomarkers
Imaging biomarkers play a key role in the identification of biological particularities within tumours and therefore are an important component of treatment personalisation in radiotherapy. Imaging techniques such as PET, SPECT, MRI that employ tumour-specific biomarkers already play a critical role in patient stratification towards individualized treatment. 
  • 820
  • 11 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Nanotechnology in Bladder Cancer
Bladder cancer (BC) is a type of cancer that occurs in the bladder's lining. The urinary system, which filters waste products from your blood and produces urine, involves the bladder. BC is the fourth most common cancer among men and the tenth most common cancer among women. Nanotechnology has been extensively developed for cancer management, including cancer diagnosis, detection, and treatment. Several nanoparticles (NP) can be used in in vitro cancer diagnostics, in vivo imaging enhancement, and drug loading techniques.
  • 820
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
TDO2/IDO2 in Cancer Development
Elements involved in the tryptophan metabolism pathway and its derivatives are considered factors that play a wide role in silencing the immune system. However, it seems that those agents contribute to tumorigenesis through a direct impact on cancer cells. 
  • 819
  • 16 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Application of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor TKIs
The use of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) as first-line treatment in patients with lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) harboring EGFR-activating mutations has resulted in a dramatic improvement in the management of the disease. Lung cancer remains one of the most frequent and deadly types of cancer for both genders, while predictions about the future do not suggest dramatic improvements in incidence and mortality rates. There are different histological types of primary lung cancer, classified mainly into non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small-cell lung cancer, with an annual incidence of approximately 85% and 15%, respectively. Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is the most common subtype of NSCLC, accounting for around 40% of NSCLC cases.
  • 819
  • 18 Feb 2022
Topic Review
CFTR and Gastrointestinal Cancers
Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a disease caused by mutations in the CFTR gene that severely affects the lungs as well as extra-pulmonary tissues, including the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. CFTR dysfunction resulting from either mutations or the downregulation of its expression has been shown to promote carcinogenesis. An example is the enhanced risk for several types of cancer in patients with CF, especially cancers of the GI tract. CFTR also acts as a tumor suppressor in diverse sporadic epithelial cancers in many tissues, primarily due to the silencing of CFTR expression via multiple mechanisms, but especially due to epigenetic regulation.
  • 819
  • 22 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Small Cell Lung Carcinoma
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive malignancy characterized by rapid proliferation, early dissemination, acquired therapy resistance, and poor prognosis. Early diagnosis of SCLC is crucial since most patients present with advanced/metastatic disease, limiting the potential for curative treatment. While SCLC exhibits initial responsiveness to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, treatment resistance commonly emerges, leading to a five-year overall survival rate of up to 10%. New effective biomarkers, early detection, and advancements in therapeutic strategies are crucial for improving survival rates and reducing the impact of this devastating disease.
  • 819
  • 18 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Liquid Biopsy in MCC
In these last years, liquid biopsy has emerged as a candidate approach to overcome this limit and to identify biomarkers for early cancer diagnosis, prognosis, therapeutic response prediction, and patient follow-up. Liquid biopsy is a blood-based non-invasive procedure that allows the sequential analysis of circulating tumor cells, circulating cell-free and tumor DNA, and extracellular vesicles. These innovative biosources show similar features as the primary tumor from where they originated and represent an alternative to invasive solid tumor biopsy.
  • 818
  • 25 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Isolated Limb Infusion
Isolated limb infusion (ILI) and hyperthermic isolated limb perfusion (HILP) are used to treat melanoma in-transit metastases and unresectable sarcoma confined to the limb utilizing the effect of high-dose loco-regional chemotherapy, normally melphalan +/- actinomycin-D. Both procedures are able to provide high response rates in patients with numerous or bulky lesions in whom other loco-regional treatments are less effective. In comparison to systemic therapies, on the other hand, ILI and HILP result less in severe systemic side-effects. Although in principle ILI and HILP are similar procedures, ILI is technically simpler to perform and takes advantage of the hypoxic and acidotic environment in the isolated limb, potentiating anti-tumour activity of the cytotoxic agents.
  • 818
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Pathophysiology and Molecular Characteristics of Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy
Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is one of the most detrimental toxicity to a patient’s quality of life. Pathophysiological mechanisms involved in CIPN pathogenesis are complex, multifactorial, and only partially examined. They are suspected to be associated with oxidative stress (OS), mitochondrial dysfunction, ROS-induced apoptosis, myelin sheath and DNA damage, and immunological and inflammatory processes.
  • 818
  • 23 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Autophagy and Breast Cancer
Despite an increase in the incidence of breast cancer worldwide, overall prognosis has been consistently improving owing to the development of multiple targeted therapies and novel combination regimens including endocrine therapies, aromatase inhibitors, Her2-targeted therapies, and cdk4/6 inhibitors. Immunotherapy is also being actively examined for some breast cancer subtypes.  It is interesting to note that cancer cells quickly adapt and evade most therapies by activating autophagy, a catabolic process designed to recycle damaged cellular components and provide energy.
  • 818
  • 08 May 2023
Topic Review
Mitochondrial Metabolism in Carcinogenesis
Carcinogenesis is a multi-step process that refers to transformation of a normal cell into a tumoral neoplastic cell. The mechanisms that promote tumor initiation, promotion and progression are varied, complex and remain to be understood. Studies have highlighted the involvement of oncogenic mutations, genomic instability and epigenetic alterations as well as metabolic reprogramming, in different processes of oncogenesis. However, the underlying mechanisms still have to be clarified. Mitochondria are central organelles at the crossroad of various energetic metabolisms. In addition to their pivotal roles in bioenergetic metabolism, they control redox homeostasis, biosynthesis of macromolecules and apoptotic signals, all of which are linked to carcinogenesis.
  • 817
  • 16 Jul 2021
Topic Review
TYK2 in Cancer Metastases
Genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic assays have led to identification of tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2) mutations, fusion proteins and expression changes in a variety of hematological cancers, carcinomas and soft-tissue sarcomas. TYK2 is an approximately 134 kDa protein identified in 1990 as the first member of the Janus kinase (JAK) family, which includes non-receptor tyrosine kinases that mediate cytokine signaling. In humans, the TYK2 gene is found on chromosome 19, and is ubiquitously expressed at varying levels throughout the body.
  • 817
  • 30 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Cancer Stem Cells in TNBC
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) remains an aggressive disease due to the lack of targeted therapies and low rate of response to chemotherapy that is currently the main treatment modality for TNBC. Breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) are a small subpopulation of breast tumors and recognized as drivers of tumorigenesis. TNBC tumors are characterized as being enriched for BCSCs. Growing evidence has shown that breast cancer stem cells are associated with tumor initiation and metastasis and may play a critical role in chemoresistance. Multiple targets against breast cancer stem cells are now under investigation. Recent advances in the role of breast cancer stem cells in triple negative breast cancer and the identification of cancer stem cell biomarkers have paved the way for the development of new targeted therapies.
  • 817
  • 17 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Impact of Monoclonal Antibodies in Pediatric Cancer
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), as the name implies, are clonal antibodies that bind to the same antigen. mAbs are broadly used as diagnostic or therapeutic tools for neoplasms, autoimmune diseases, allergic conditions, and infections.  
  • 817
  • 04 Aug 2023
Topic Review
External Beam Radiotherapy for Cervical Cancer
The standard of care for locally advanced cervical cancer is external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) with simultaneous chemotherapy followed by an internal radiation boost. New imaging methods such as positron-emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging have been implemented into daily practice for better tumor delineation in radiotherapy planning. The method of delivering radiation has changed with technical advances in qualitative imaging and treatment delivery. Image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT) plays an important role in minimizing treatment toxicity of pelvic radiation and provides a superior conformality for sparing the organs at risk (OARs) such as bone marrow, bowel, rectum, and bladder. 
  • 817
  • 17 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Neuroimmune Regulation of Metastasis
Although numerous clinical and experimental data suggest that biopsy- and surgery-induced wound healing can promote survival and metastatic spread of residual and dormant malignant cells, the involvement of the tumor-associated neuroglial cells in the formation of metastases following tissue injury has not been well understood. Understanding the clinical significance and underlying mechanisms of neuroimmune regulation of surgery-associated metastasis will not only advance the field of neuro–immuno–oncology and contribute to basic science and translational oncology research but will also produce a strong foundation for developing novel mechanism-based therapeutic approaches that may protect patients against the oncologically adverse effects of primary tumor biopsy and excision.
  • 815
  • 12 Apr 2021
Topic Review
RANKL/RANK Pathway in Cancer
The receptor activator of the nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)/RANK signaling pathway was identified in the late 1990s and is the key mediator of bone remodeling. Targeting RANKL with the antibody denosumab is part of the standard of care for bone loss diseases, including bone metastases (BM). During the past decade RANKL/RANK pathway has emerged as an important player in breast carcinogenesis and response to immunotherapy in different solid tumors, gaining a new insight into the pan-cancer benefits of targeting of the RANKL/RANK pathway in cancer.
  • 815
  • 10 Aug 2021
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