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Topic Review
Tumour Blood Vessels
Tumour blood vessels, characterised by abnormal morphology and function, create an immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment via restricting the appropriate leucocyte subsets trafficking. Strategies to trigger phenotypic alteration in tumour vascular system to resemble normal vascular system, named vascular normalisation, promote effective trafficking of leucocytes into tumours through enhancing the interactions between leucocytes and endothelial cells. 
  • 851
  • 28 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Pre-Clinical Research on MPM Biology
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is an aggressive cancer of the lung lining that is associated with asbestos exposure. Due to a lack of effective biomarkers coupled with a long latency period from asbestos exposure to cancer development, prognosis of MPM is poor with an average survival of 8–14 months following diagnosis. Pre-clinical investigations aimed to develop novel biomarkers and treatment strategies are urgently needed to improve MPM diagnosis and treatments available to MPM patients. Novel protein and microRNA biomarkers constitute promising diagnostic biomarkers of MPM; and treatment strategies such as targeted-, immune- and viro-therapy exhibit promising efficacy.
  • 851
  • 12 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Rare Colorectal Carcinoma Histotypes
Several histopathological variants of colorectal carcinoma can be distinguished, some associated with specific molecular profiles. However, in routine practice, ninety/ninety-five percent of all large bowel tumors are diagnosed as conventional adenocarcinoma, even though they are a heterogeneous group including rare histotypes, which are often under-recognized. Indeed, colorectal cancer exhibits differences in incidence, location of tumor, pathogenesis, molecular pathways and outcome depending on histotype.
  • 851
  • 26 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Circulating Tumor DNA
Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) are small fragments of DNA, typically 150-200 bp in size, shed by tumors into blood through tumor necrosis, apoptosis and potentially through extracellular vesicles. ctDNA can also be found in other fluid spaces susch as cerebrospinal fluid and pleural fluid.
  • 850
  • 27 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Application of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor TKIs
The use of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) as first-line treatment in patients with lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) harboring EGFR-activating mutations has resulted in a dramatic improvement in the management of the disease. Lung cancer remains one of the most frequent and deadly types of cancer for both genders, while predictions about the future do not suggest dramatic improvements in incidence and mortality rates. There are different histological types of primary lung cancer, classified mainly into non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small-cell lung cancer, with an annual incidence of approximately 85% and 15%, respectively. Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is the most common subtype of NSCLC, accounting for around 40% of NSCLC cases.
  • 849
  • 18 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Transoral Robotic Surgery: Applications in HNC
Minimally invasive surgery is a growing field in surgical oncology. After acquiring its first Food and Drug Administration approval in 2009 for T1–T2 malignancies of the oral cavity, oropharynx, and larynx, transoral robotic surgery (TORS) has gained popularity thanks to its wristed instruments and magnified three-dimensional view, enhancing surgical comfort in remote-access areas. Its indications are expanding in the treatment of head and neck cancer, i.e., resection of tumors of the larynx, hypopharynx, or parapharyngeal space. Head and neck cancer (HNC) incidence has increased, ranking eighth among the most common cancers worldwide in 2020 with approximately 900,000 cases yearly. Following a similar trend, head and neck surgeons in Australia and New Zealand have a TORS adoption rate of 43.6%. The main indications for TORS in all these countries are lateral oropharyngectomy, base-of-tongue mucosectomy, and surgery for obstructive sleep apnea.
  • 849
  • 30 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Non-Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer
Non-metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (nmCRPC) is defined by a progressively rising prostate-specific antigen level, despite a castrate level of testosterone, in the absence of obvious radiologic evidence of metastatic disease on conventional imaging modalities. As a significant proportion of patients with nmCRPC develop metastatic diseases, the therapeutic goals of physicians for these patients are to delay metastasis development, preserve quality of life, and increase overall survival (OS). Since 2018, the treatment of nmCRPC has changed dramatically with the introduction of second-generation androgen receptor inhibitors, such as enzalutamide (ENZA), apalutamide (APA), and darolutamide (DARO).
  • 848
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Efficacy of Auto-CAR T Cell Therapy in Lymphoma
While more than half of non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL) can be cured with modern frontline chemoimmunotherapy regimens, outcomes of relapsed and/or refractory (r/r) disease in subsequent lines remain poor, particularly if considered ineligible for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Hence, r/r NHLs represent a population with a high unmet medical need. This therapeutic gap has been partially filled by adoptive immunotherapy. CD19-directed autologous chimeric antigen receptor (auto-CAR) T cells have been transformative in the treatment of patients with r/r B cell malignancies.
  • 848
  • 19 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Amino Acids Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment
It was shown that the content of individual amino acids changes in breast cancer by an average of 10–15% compared with healthy controls. For some amino acids (Thr, Arg, Met, and Ser), an increase in concentration is more often observed in breast cancer, and for others, a decrease is observed (Asp, Pro, Trp, and His). The accuracy of diagnostics using individual amino acids is low and increases when a number of amino acids are combined with each other or with other metabolites. Gln/Glu, Asp, Arg, Leu/Ile, Lys, and Orn have the greatest significance in assessing the risk of breast cancer.
  • 848
  • 22 Sep 2023
Topic Review
The Sarcoma Immune
Sarcomas are a rare disease with high rates of recurrence and poor prognosis. Available therapeutic options for advanced disease are limited and based on chemotherapeutic regimens. Immuno-oncological compounds have shown effectivity in different cancer indications, and their benefit is also expected in sarcomas. The role of the tumor microenvironment in sarcoma, prognosis, and response to novel immunotherapies are summarized here.
  • 847
  • 19 Feb 2021
Topic Review
RANKL/RANK Pathway in Cancer
The receptor activator of the nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)/RANK signaling pathway was identified in the late 1990s and is the key mediator of bone remodeling. Targeting RANKL with the antibody denosumab is part of the standard of care for bone loss diseases, including bone metastases (BM). During the past decade RANKL/RANK pathway has emerged as an important player in breast carcinogenesis and response to immunotherapy in different solid tumors, gaining a new insight into the pan-cancer benefits of targeting of the RANKL/RANK pathway in cancer.
  • 847
  • 10 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Drug for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive subtype of breast cancer (BC) and accounts for 10–20% of cases. Due to the lack of expression of several receptors, hormone therapy is largely ineffective for treatment purposes. Nevertheless, TNBC often responds very well to chemotherapy, which constitutes the most often recommended treatment.
  • 846
  • 20 Jul 2021
Topic Review
CFTR and Gastrointestinal Cancers
Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a disease caused by mutations in the CFTR gene that severely affects the lungs as well as extra-pulmonary tissues, including the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. CFTR dysfunction resulting from either mutations or the downregulation of its expression has been shown to promote carcinogenesis. An example is the enhanced risk for several types of cancer in patients with CF, especially cancers of the GI tract. CFTR also acts as a tumor suppressor in diverse sporadic epithelial cancers in many tissues, primarily due to the silencing of CFTR expression via multiple mechanisms, but especially due to epigenetic regulation.
  • 846
  • 22 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Different Phenotypes of Immune Infiltrates
Besides the mere count of lymphocytic infiltration, the phenotype of the lymphocytes may also dictate the clinical outcome of HER2-positive breast cancer patients, as every specific subset has a specific role in cancer development. Cumulative data from human studies have associated the different immune populations with a predominant contribution to either pro- or antitumor activities.
  • 846
  • 17 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Wnt/β-Catenin Target Genes
The Wnt/β-catenin cell–cell signaling pathway is one of the most basic and highly conserved pathways for intercellular communications regulating key steps during development, differentiation, and cancer. In colorectal cancer (CRC), in particular, aberrant activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway is believed to be responsible for perpetuating the disease from the very early stages of cancer development. A large number of downstream target genes of β-catenin-T-cell factor (TCF), including oncogenes, were detected as regulators of CRC development.
  • 845
  • 08 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Antidiabetic Medications and Cancer
In the last decade, cancer became the leading cause of death in the population under 65 in the European Union. Diabetes is also considered as a factor increasing risk of cancer incidence and mortality. Type 2 diabetes is frequently associated with being overweight and obese, which also plays a role in malignancy. Among biological mechanisms linking diabetes and obesity with cancer hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, increased levels of growth factors, steroid and peptide hormones, oxidative stress and increased activity of pro-inflammatory cytokines are listed. Antidiabetic medications can modulate cancer risk through directly impacting metabolism of cancer cells as well as indirectly through impact on risk factors of malignancy. Some of them are considered beneficial (metformin and thiazolidinedions—with the exception of bladder cancer); on the other hand, excess of exogenous insulin may be potentially harmful, while other medications seem to have neutral impact on cancer risk. Inhibitors of the sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) are increasingly used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. However, their association with cancer risk is unclear. 
  • 845
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Active Targeted Nanoparticles
PARP inhibitors were introduced as tools to protect from inflammatory diseases. Later, these selective inhibitors were evaluated as nanotherapeutic agents in clinical trials as targeted treatment strategies against solid tumors derived from ovarian, prostate, breast, colorectal, and uterine tissues. Although previous reports have established that PARP inhibitors effectively treat BRCA1-deficient cancers and increase patients’ progression-free survival (PFS), new studies have suggested that HR-deficient cells may also be vulnerable to PARP inhibition.
  • 845
  • 10 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Gut-Microbiota-Mediated Immune Regulatory Mechanisms by Immunotherapy
Cancer contains tumor-initiating stem-like cells (TICs) that are resistant to therapies. Experimental evidence indicates that hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and TIC development are influenced by permissive conditions in response to changes in gut microbiota.
  • 845
  • 25 May 2022
Topic Review
Allicin
Allicin is one of the main ingredients in garlic (Allium sativum L.). It is a bioactive sulfur compound maintained in various plant sections in a precursor state.
  • 845
  • 28 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Phytonutrients in Curing Breast Cancer
Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most common causes of female mortality around the globe. It is the second most common cancer and the fifth leading cause of death from cancer in the world. It accounts for around 25% of all female cancers. The worldwide incidence of BC in 2012 was 1.67 million, which is alarming. The incidence may increase to 3.2 million by 2050. Males may also develop BC, but this is very rare, accounting for <1% of diagnosed BCs worldwide. BC may be of different types, based on various factors including etiology, location, and clinical and molecular characteristics. Based on location, BC may be of two types; namely, non-invasive and invasive. Non-invasive BC does not extend away from the lobules or duct where it is located. Invasive BC, on the other hand, reaches out from the lobules and ducts to the nearby mammary tissue.
  • 844
  • 18 Aug 2021
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