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Topic Review
Infant and Young Child Formulae
When it comes to infant and young child feeding understanding the different types of formulae offered by the industry is key. In the following entry we developed the definition, composition and characteristics of each type of formulae and their use in infant and child feeding.
  • 1.7K
  • 29 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Augmented Reality for Cultural Heritage Communication and Education
Augmented Reality (AR) applications are increasingly used in many research and commercial fields. Some of the fields that these applications are used are recreational digital games, tourism, education, and marketing. Location-based augmented reality is a type of AR that typically runs on mobile devices (smartphones or tablets) and uses the device's GPS sensor to guide users to specific locations. When these locations are reached the users are presented with informative digital content. Location-based augmented reality (AR) applications for cultural heritage communication and education are created to inform the public about cultural heritage monuments in an engaging and entertaining way.
  • 1.7K
  • 02 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Graphene-Based Strategies for Viral Diseases
The occurrence of new pandemic  viruses, such as SARS-CoV-1 (2003), MERS-CoV (2012) and SARS-CoV-2 (2019) has  indicated an urgent need for diagnostic tools able to reliably identify infected individuals and to determine if the infection is in the acute phase. Although nanotechnology based on graphene has been poorly applied for the rapid diagnosis of viral diseases, the extraordinary properties of graphene have been recently exploited for the diagnosis of COVID-19. Novel graphene-based field-effect transistor (GFET) biosensors were developed for the quantitative detection of viral RNA and viral spike protein. The fabrication of COVID-19 FET sensor for spike protein recognition is based on the integration of the SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody with graphene, whereas the GFET sensor for viral RNA recognition exploited the CRISPR/Cas biotechnology.
  • 1.7K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Metal Ion Detection by Glutathione
Low cost, sensitive, selective, and rapid methods for heavy metal ion (HMI) detection are of growing demand, and HMI biosensors have great potential in meeting this need due to their timeliness, cost-effectiveness and convenience in operation. The most widely reported peptide probe for HMI detection is glutathione (GSH), especially in case of lead ion (Pb2+) detection. GSH is highly stable, cost-effective, and easy to immobilize on a sensor. 
  • 1.7K
  • 10 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Epilepsy in Down Syndrome
Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) have an increased risk for epilepsy during the whole lifespan, but especially after age 40 years. The increase in the number of individuals with DS living into late middle age due to improved health care is resulting in an increase in epilepsy prevalence in this population. However, these epileptic seizures are probably underdiagnosed and inadequately treated. This late onset epilepsy is linked to the development of symptomatic Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which is the main comorbidity in adults with DS.
  • 1.7K
  • 02 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Natural Fibre-Reinforced Polymer Composites
As one of the fastest-growing additive manufacturing (AM) technologies, fused deposition modelling (FDM) shows great potential in printing natural fibre-reinforced composites (NFRC). However, several challenges, such as low mechanical properties and difficulty in printing, need to be overcome. Therefore, the effort to improve the NFRC for use in AM has been accelerating in recent years.
  • 1.7K
  • 23 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Red-Beetroot-Extract in the Biodegradable Polymers
This study investigated the effect of natural antioxidants inherent to beetroot (Beta vulgaris var. Vulgaris) on the ageing of environmentally friendly plastics. Certain properties were examined in this context, comprising thermal, mechanical, and morphological properties. A visual evaluation of relevant changes in the given polymers (polylactide and polycaprolactone) was conducted during an ageing test in a UV chamber (45 °C, 70% humidity) for 720 h. The films were prepared by a casting process, in which samples with the extract of beetroot were additionally incorporated in a common filler (bentonite), this serving as a carrier for the extract. The results showed the effect of the incorporated antioxidant, which was added to stabilize the biodegradable films. Its efficiency during the ageing test in the polymers tended to exceed or be comparable to that of the reference sample. 
  • 1.7K
  • 04 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Construction 4.0 Organisational Level Challenges and Solutions
The construction industry (CI) is ancient and has evolved along with humanity, yet it has become increasingly inefficient due to fragmentation, the use of traditional solutions and the lack of innovative technologies and methodologies which are no longer sustainable. The Fourth Industrial Revolution has started to transform this industry, and Construction 4.0 (C4) can advocate this change to become a more efficient cyber-physical ecosystem. However, technology alone will not solve all challenges. While research on C4 focuses mainly on technology, management also plays a key role
  • 1.7K
  • 28 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Emergency Department Overcrowding
It is certain and established that overcrowding represents one of the main problems that has been affecting global health and the functioning of the healthcare system in the last decades, and this is especially true for the emergency department (ED). Since 1980, overcrowding has been identified as one of the main factors limiting correct, timely, and efficient hospital care. The more recent COVID-19 pandemic contributed to the accentuation of this phenomenon, which was already well known and of international interest.
  • 1.7K
  • 23 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Overview of Water Electrochemistry
Seawater is the most abundant supply of water and the ideal and cheapest electrolyte. Because it is a green and renewable chemical process, water electrolysis has earned a lot of interest among the different hydrogen production techniques. Basis of water electrolysis include general theoretical concepts: chemical, physical, and electrochemical concepts. Research has focused on the specific seawater electrolysis parameters: cathodic evolution of hydrogen; concurrent anodic evolution of oxygen and chlorine; specific seawater catalyst electrodes, and seawater electrolyzer efficiency. A sustainable technology development must also capitalize on known and emerging technologies; protecting the environment; utilization of green, renewable energies as sources of electricity; and above all, economic efficiency as a whole.
  • 1.7K
  • 29 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Approaches to Quantifying Carbon Emissions with Human Deaths
When attempting to quantify future harms caused by carbon emissions and to set appropriate energy policies, it has been argued that the most important metric is the number of human deaths caused by climate change. Several studies have attempted to overcome the uncertainties associated with such forecasting. 
  • 1.7K
  • 23 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Flavonoids
Flavonoids are health supplements commonly known in their tablet forms. Crops are rich in various sub-classes of flavonoids that could be used for human consumption. The biosynthesis and transport of flavonoids are major factors contributing to the accumulation of flavonoids in crops. On the other hand, the bioavailability of flavonoids to the human body governs the beneficial effects of the flavonoids on human health.
  • 1.7K
  • 05 Nov 2020
Topic Review
General Symptoms with COVID-19
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) due to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become an epidemiological threat and a worldwide concern. SARS-CoV-2 has spread to 210 countries worldwide and more than 3,000,000 confirmed cases and 228,513 deaths have been reported, while the number of both confirmed and fatal cases is continually increasing. COVID-19 is a viral disease that can affect every age group – from infants to the elderly – resulting in a wide spectrum of various clinical manifestations. COVID-19 might present different degrees of severity – from mild or even asymptomatic carriers, even to fatal cases. The most common complications include pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Fever, dry cough, muscle weakness, and chest pain are the most prevalent and typical symptoms of COVID-19. However, patients might also present atypical symptoms that can occur alone, which might indicate the possible SARS-CoV-2 infection. The aim of this paper was to review and summarize all of the findings regarding clinical manifestations of COVID-19 patients and those include respiratory, neurological, olfactory and gustatory, gastrointestinal, ophthalmic, dermatological, cardiac, and rheumatologic manifestations, as well as specific symptoms in pediatric patients.
  • 1.7K
  • 07 May 2021
Topic Review
Highway-rail grade crossing (HRGC) accidents
Highway-rail grade crossing (HRGC) accidents pose a serious risk of safety to highway users, including pedestrians trying to cross HRGCs. A significant increase in the number of HRGC accidents globally calls for greater research efforts, which are not limited to the analysis of accidents at HRGCs but also understanding user perception, driver behavior, potential conflicting areas at crossings, effectiveness of countermeasures and user perception towards them. HRGC safety is one of the priority areas in the State of Florida, since the state HRGCs experienced a total of 429 injuries and 146 fatalities between 2010 and 2019 with a significant increase in HRGC accidents over the last years.
  • 1.7K
  • 15 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Process Intensification in Chemical Reaction Engineering
Process intensification (PI) is defined as an innovative principle applied in chemical reaction engineering and process design. The first definitions were given in 2000, when the pioneering work of Stankiewicz and Moulijn began this means of novel enthusiastic definition of chemical processes, which can bring significant benefits in terms of process and efficiency, higher quality of products, lower capital and operating expenses, less waste, and improved process safety. Starting from that moment, several roadmaps, books, and scientific papers were published in the field, focused on PI in the chemical industry.
  • 1.7K
  • 14 Jan 2022
Topic Review Video
The Image of the Smart City
The image of the city was first introduced by Kevin Lynch in 1960, and referred to the ways in which urban space is perceived by their users, and how these acts are based on mental maps, whose elements can be put into well-defined categories: paths, nodes, edges, districts, and landmarks.
  • 1.7K
  • 16 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Advances of MXenes
MXenes are synthesized from ‘MAX’ phases by the selective etching of ‘A’ layers. The MAX phases are conductive 2D layers of transition metal carbides/nitrides interconnected by the ‘A’ element with strong ionic, metallic, and covalent bonds.
  • 1.7K
  • 04 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Occupational Injury
An occupational injury is bodily damage resulting from working. The most common organs involved are the spine, hands, the head, lungs, eyes, skeleton, and skin. Occupational injuries can result from exposure to occupational hazards (physical, chemical, biological, or psychosocial), such as temperature, noise, insect or animal bites, blood-borne pathogens, aerosols, hazardous chemicals, radiation, and occupational burnout. While many prevention methods are set in place, injuries may still occur due to poor ergonomics, manual handling of heavy loads, misuse or failure of equipment, exposure to general hazards, and inadequate safety training.
  • 1.7K
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
September 1859 Geomagnetic Storm
The September 1859 geomagnetic storm (also known as the Carrington Event) was a powerful geomagnetic storm during solar cycle 10 (1855–1867). A solar coronal mass ejection (CME) hit Earth's magnetosphere and induced the largest geomagnetic storm on record on September 1–2, 1859. The associated "white light flare" in the solar photosphere was observed and recorded by British astronomers Richard C. Carrington and Richard Hodgson. The storm caused strong auroral displays and wrought havoc with telegraph systems. The now-standard unique IAU identifier for this flare is SOL1859-09-01. A solar storm of this magnitude occurring today would cause widespread electrical disruptions, blackouts and damage due to extended outages of the electrical grid. The solar storm of 2012 was of similar magnitude, but it passed Earth's orbit without striking the planet, missing by nine days.
  • 1.7K
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
The Prosumer
In recent years, the concept of the prosumer has garnered extensive attention across various fields, including marketing, energy consumption, and innovation research. This attention is driven by the significant role prosumers play in developing more efficient, sustainable, and health-conscious market systems, propelled by advancements in social and technological domains. Broadly defined, a prosumer is an individual who acts as both a producer and a consumer. Originally coined by Toffler in the 1980s, the term describes individuals who blur the lines between producers and consumers by engaging in the creation of value for their own use or for others. Prosumers are seen as external partners who participate in co-creation processes with organizations, contributing to innovative outcomes and the production of the products and services they consume. The concept of the prosumer, individuals who simultaneously act as producers and consumers, has gained significant attention across various sectors. This entry explores the evolving role and impact of prosumers on sustainability, innovation, and market dynamics. A comprehensive literature review and empirical analysis were conducted to understand prosumer behavior and contributions. The findings reveal that the prosumers’ roles range from significantly enhancing sustainability by generating renewable energy to promoting personalized education via teacher–prosumer models. They also drive technological advancements in fields such as 3D printing and cryptocurrency. The study concludes that prosumers have the potential to foster a more resilient and inclusive economy, although challenges such as regulatory barriers and technological dependencies must be addressed to fully leverage their contributions.
  • 1.7K
  • 06 Sep 2024
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