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Topic Review
Eukaryotic DNA Polymerases
DNA polymerases constitute a versatile group of enzymes that not only perform the essential task of genome duplication but also participate in various genome maintenance pathways, such as base and nucleotide excision repair, non-homologous end-joining, homologous recombination, and translesion synthesis. Polymerases catalyze DNA synthesis via the stepwise addition of deoxynucleoside monophosphates to the 3′ primer end in a partially double-stranded DNA.
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  • 04 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Huntingtin Ubiquitination Mechanisms
Huntington Disease (HD) is caused by the CAG repeat expansion (≥36 CAG triplets) in the exon1 of the HTT gene encoding for the protein huntingtin (Htt). Huntingtin and mutated huntingtin (mHtt) are degradated by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). Ubiquitination has been linked to reduced mHtt toxicity, most likely due to increased mHtt clearance by the proteasome.
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  • 27 Jan 2022
Topic Review
MRI function in Bone Microstructure
Bone microarchitecture has been shown to provide useful information regarding the evaluation of skeleton quality with an added value to areal bone mineral density, which can be used for the di-agnosis of several bone diseases. Bone mineral density estimated from dual-energy x-ray absorp-tiometry (DXA) has shown to be a limited tool to identify patients’ risk stratification and therapy delivery. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been proposed as another technique to assess bone quality and fracture risk by evaluating the bone structure and microarchitecture.
  • 1.0K
  • 15 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Fibrinogen and Antifibrinolytic Proteins
The antifibrinolytic proteins alpha-2 antiplasmin (α2AP), thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI), complement C3 and plasminogen activator inhibitor-2 (PAI-2), can be incorporated into the fibrin clot by FXIIIa and affect fibrinolysis by different mechanisms. Therefore, these antifibrinolytic proteins are attractive targets for the development of novel therapeutics, both for the modulation of thrombosis risk, but also for potentially improving clot instability in bleeding disorders.
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  • 03 Dec 2021
Topic Review
DNA Elements That Impact Xist Expression
Compensation for the gene dosage disequilibrium between sex chromosomes in mammals is achieved in female cells by repressing one of its X chromosomes through a process called X chromosome inactivation (XCI), exemplifying the control of gene expression by epigenetic mechanisms. A critical player in this mechanism is Xist, a long, non-coding RNA upregulated from a single X chromosome during early embryonic development in female cells. Xist is regulated at different levels in cis and trans, such as DNA elements, transcription factors, other regulatory proteins, long non-coding RNAs and the chromatin and topological landscape surrounding Xist. This entry focuses on DNA elements that govern Xist expression.
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  • 23 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Extracellular ATP (eATP)
As an apoplastic signal, extracellular ATP (eATP) promotes pollen germination (PG) and pollen tube growth (PTG) of Arabidopsis thaliana by stimulating Ca2+ or K+ absorption. P2K1 receptor, heterotrimeric G alpha  protein and CNGC2/CNGC4 are involved in eATP stimulated signaling in Arabidopsis pollens. 
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  • 09 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Factors Influencing Gallstone Formation
Dysfunction of the gallbladder or other parts of the bile-secretion pathway can result in gallstone formation. Given that the bile-secretion pathway is a complex process, there are many reasons for the formation of gallstones. Evidence suggests that gallstones are related to age, gender, female physiological status, obesity, cardiovascular disease, microbiome, sugar metabolism, and various environmental exposures. Based on a large number of mouse and human studies, the interaction of five main factors were proposed. The pathogenesis of cholesterol gallstone disease is precipitated by: genetic factors; excessive cholesterol secretion by the liver (leading to supersaturation of cholesterol in gallbladder bile); rapid phase change by accelerating the growth of cholesterol crystals and solid cholesterol crystals; impairment of gallbladder motility; and intestinal factors. Intestinal factors can be further broken down into two categories: increased cholesterol absorption from the small intestine to the liver, eventually resulting in increased bile secretion, and microbiota that inhabit the intestinal tract. These factors will increase the production or growth of cholesterol crystals, eventually leading to the formation of stones.
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  • 16 May 2022
Topic Review
Amyloid Precursor Protein in AD
       Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease, and globally, over 46 million people are affected by this devastating disease. AD causes irreversible mental and cognitive deficiency including memory loss, personality disorder, and intellectual abnormality in patients older than 65 years. Central sensory systems including the visual system are also affected during the advanced stages of the disease . Collectively, complications of AD diminish the lifespan, hamper the quality of life, and cause physical impairment, which finally appears as a terrible difficulty in normal life activities. To decrease the social and economic costs and the burden of the disease on patients and their families, recently, several attempts have been made to identify disease diagnostic markers. Neuroimaging methods, such as magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography, have been developed enabling researchers to diagnose AD at the early stages of the disease. Moreover, distinct biomarkers, which are essential to figure out the pathological characteristics of AD, have been observed in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The advancement of AD is associated with three cardinal neuropathological features such as extracellular deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) to produce neuritic plaques, intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and synaptic degeneration. These pathological alterations arise in the neocortex, hippocampus, and other subcortical regions that are crucial for cognitive functions. Aβ has been considered as the foremost risk factor that playing a vital role in the initiation and progression of AD. Aβ is generated into the typical individual, but in some instances, this peptide leads to aggregation, the starting point of disease progression. Many findings elucidate that Aβ oligomers might play a central role in neuronal dysfunction and AD. 
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  • 20 Apr 2021
Topic Review
ABCG2
The ABCG2 (also named breast cancer resistance protein—BCRP, or mitoxantrone resistance protein—MXR) is an integral membrane protein belonging to the ABC (ATP-binding cassette) protein superfamily. ABCG2 is an active transporter utilizing the energy of ATP binding and hydrolysis to translocate various substrate molecules across the plasma membrane from the cells to the extracellular space. Its transported substrates include endobiotics (endogenous substances), such as uric acid, as well as xenobiotics, such as anti-cancer drugs. ABCG2 plays a pivotal role in uric acid clearance; thus, its malfunction may lead to hyperuricemia and gout. On the other hand, ABCG2 residing in various barrier tissues is involved in the innate defense mechanisms of the body, influencing the absorption, distribution, excretion of potentially toxic endo- and exogenous compounds.
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  • 11 May 2021
Topic Review
Suicidal Erythrocyte Death in Metabolic Syndrome
Eryptosis is a coordinated, programmed cell death culminating with the disposal of cells without disruption of the cell membrane and the release of endocellular oxidative and pro-inflammatory milieu. While providing a convenient form of death for erythrocytes, dysregulated eryptosis may result in a series of detrimental and harmful pathological consequences highly related to the endothelial dysfunction (ED). Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is described as a cluster of cardiometabolic factors (hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, hypertension and obesity) that increases the risk of cardiovascular complications such as those related to diabetes and atherosclerosis.
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  • 01 Aug 2022
Topic Review
DMARDs–Gut Microbiota Feedback
Evidence suggests that the increase or decrease of microorganism communities has an effect on the production of metabolites that are related with immunomodulatory functions. This review suggests that there is feedback between DMARDs and gut microbiota, based on the evidence that supports that DMARDs favor intestinal dysbiosis, as well as on the evidence that some bacterial genera participate in DMARDs-type xenobiotics’ metabolism and in the production of metabolites with an immunomodulatory effect. This document sets a precedent in which DMARDs-promoted dysbiosis could cause, in time, variability of response to different therapeutic schemes. 
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  • 24 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Urease Inhibitory Activity
In our work, both Et-OH and Me-OH extracts of H. rhamnoides (91.69%±1.21) and C. fistula (79.44%±0.55) showed stronger action against urease activity. An overview on the medicinal uses of H. rhamnoides and C. fistula showing anti-urease activity may predict their possible alternative use for stomach problems. 
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  • 28 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Post-Translational Control of Protein Expression
Proteins are fundamental biomolecules of living cells, and their expression levels depend on the balance between the synthesis and degradation. The genetic manipulation of the target protein using CRISPR/Cas9, Cre/loxP, tetracyclin system, and RNA interference, are widely used for the regulation of proteins at the DNA, transcriptional, or mRNA level. Recently, researchers have developed various types of molecular tools for the regulation of protein expression at the post-translational level, which rely on harnessing cellular proteolytic machinery including ubiquitin–proteasome pathway, autophagy-lysosome pathway, and endocytosis. The post-translational control of protein expression using small molecules, antibodies, and light can offer significant advantages regarding speed, tunability, and reversibility. These technologies are expected to be applied to pharmacotherapy and cell therapy, as well as research tools for fundamental biological studies.
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  • 23 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Selective COX-2 Inhibitors
Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a condition that leads to pain and is mainly characterized by cartilage degradation.
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  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Secondary Metabolites of Sarraceniaceae Family
Carnivorous plants have fascinated researchers and hobbyists for centuries because of their mode of nutrition which is unlike that of other plants. They are able to produce bioactive compounds used to attract, capture and digest prey but also as a defense mechanism against microorganisms and free radicals. Darlingtonia, Heliamphora and Sarracenia plants are rich in compounds with potential pharmaceutical and medical uses. These belong to several classes such as flavonoids, with flavonol glycosides being the most abundant, monoterpenes, triterpenes, sesquiterpenes, fatty acids, alkaloids and others. Some of them are well characterized in terms of chemical properties and biological activity and have widespread commercial applications. Sarraceniaceae species contain numerous substances with the potential to advance health. 
  • 1.0K
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Approved Anticancer Compounds from Marine Sponges
Marine sponges belong to the Porifera phylum, and the known species are more than 9000, which are divided into four classes: Calcarea, Demospongiae, Hexactinellida and Homoscleromorpha. To date, more than 5300 natural compounds have been isolated from sponges or their associated bacteria, and this number is constantly updating.
  • 1.0K
  • 08 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Melatonin on NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation
The NLRP3 inflammasome is a part of the innate immune system and responsible for the rapid identification and eradication of pathogenic microbes, metabolic stress products, reactive oxygen species, and other exogenous agents. NLRP3 inflammasome is overactivated in several neurodegenerative, cardiac, pulmonary, and metabolic diseases. Therefore, suppression of inflammasome activation is of utmost clinical importance. Melatonin is a ubiquitous hormone mainly produced in the pineal gland with circadian rhythm regulatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory functions. Melatonin is a natural product and safer than most chemicals to use for medicinal purposes. Many in vitro and in vivo studies have proved that melatonin alleviates NLRP3 inflammasome activity via various intracellular signaling pathways.
  • 1.0K
  • 07 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Aromatic Plants Metabolic Engineering
Secondary metabolites of aromatic plants are used in many health applications as drugs, pheromones, insecticides, fragrances, and antioxidants. Due to the huge commercial demand for these secondary metabolites, the need to overcome the insufficient productivity of aromatic plants has become a significant challenge. Plant breeding is a traditional, labor-intensive, and limited method to improve the ability of aromatic plants to produce secondary metabolites.
  • 1.0K
  • 23 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Key Metabolic Changes in Major Depressive Disorder
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a serious mental illness with a heavy social burden, but its underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Mass spectrometry (MS)-based metabolomics is providing new insights into the heterogeneous pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of MDD by revealing multi-parametric biomarker signatures at the metabolite level.
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  • 10 Nov 2023
Topic Review
The Proteomics Toolbox to Study Compartmentalized cAMP Signalling
cAMP is a second messenger that regulates a myriad of cellular functions in response to multiple extracellular stimuli. New developments in the field have provided exciting insights into how cAMP utilizes compartmentalization to ensure specificity when the message conveyed to the cell by an extracellular stimulus is translated into the appropriate functional outcome. cAMP signaling uses different mechanisms, including protein–protein interactions (PPIs) and protein phosphorylation, to relay, process, and translate signals into cellular responses. cAMP signaling compartmentalization heavily relies on the formation of local signaling domains where cAMP signaling components involved in a specific cellular response cluster together. Within such domains, cAMP signals are translated into specific cellular responses via the phosphorylation of target proteins. As such, mapping the domain interaction landscape and defining the downstream phosphorylation events are the key aspects of compartmentalized signaling studies.
  • 1.0K
  • 30 Mar 2023
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