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Topic Review
Knowledge Management
Knowledge management (KM), a process of acquiring, converting, applying, and protecting knowledge assets, is crucial for value creation
  • 1.7K
  • 18 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Microring Resonators
Microring resonators are fundamental components of any high-refractive-index-contrast photonic platform. They are a highly sought-after cavity component because of their ability to achieve on-chip field enhancement as well as spectral filtering and fast modulation of optical signals.
  • 1.7K
  • 17 Feb 2022
Topic Review
KMT2A (Lysine Methyltransferase 2A)
KMT2A (Lysine methyltransferase 2A) is a member of the epigenetic machinery, encoding a lysine methyltransferase responsible for the transcriptional activation through lysine 4 of histone 3 (H3K4) methylation. KMT2A has a crucial role in gene expression, thus it is associated to pathological conditions when found mutated. KMT2A germinal mutations are associated to Wiedemann–Steiner syndrome and also in patients with initial clinical diagnosis of several other chromatinopathies (i.e., Coffin–Siris syndromes, Kabuki syndrome, Cornelia De Lange syndrome, Rubinstein–Taybi syndrome), sharing an overlapping phenotype. On the other hand, KMT2A somatic mutations have been reported in several tumors, mainly blood malignancies. Due to its evolutionary conservation, the role of KMT2A in embryonic development, hematopoiesis and neurodevelopment has been explored in different animal models, and epigenetic treatments for disorders linked to KMT2A dysfunction have been extensively investigated. 
  • 1.7K
  • 06 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps and Human Disease
The first description of a new form of neutrophil cell death distinct from that of apoptosis or necrosis was discovered in 2004 and coined neutrophil extracellular traps “(NETs)” or “NETosis”. Different stimuli for NET formation, and pathways that drive neutrophils to commit to NETosis have been elucidated in the years that followed. Critical enzymes required for NET formation have been discovered and targeted therapeutically. It has become clear that although this mechanism is thought to enhance host defense by ensnaring bacteria within large webs of DNA to increase bactericidal killing capacity, it is also injurious to innocent bystander tissue. Proteases and enzymes released from NETs injure epithelial and endothelial cells, perpetuating inflammation. In the context of autoimmunity, NETs release over 70 well-known autoantigens. NETs are associated with pathology in multiple diseases: lung diseases, vasculitis, autoimmune kidney diseases, atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, and psoriasis. Defining these pathways that drive NET release will provide insight into mechanisms of pathological insult and provide potential therapeutic targets.
  • 1.7K
  • 25 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Mechanisms of Piezoresistive and Piezoelectric Techniques
For piezoresistive sensors, conductive polymers such as thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), fiber-reinforced polymer (RFP), and Parylen-C polymer film can be used to increase sensor flexibility. For piezoelectric sensors, using piezoelectric ceramics such as ethyl cellulose-poly lead zirconate titanate piezoelectric ceramics (ECS-PolyPZT) and PZT-ferroperm as the sensing material can produce high piezoelectric coefficients.
  • 1.7K
  • 05 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Microgrids and Networked Microgrids
Microgrids and networked (interconnected) microgrids are emerging in developed countries as an efficient way for integrating distributed energy resources into power distribution systems. Microgrids and networked microgrids can disconnect from the main grid and operate autonomously, strengthen grid resilience, and help mitigate grid disturbances and maintain power quality. In addition, when supported by sophisticated management strategies, microgrids and networked microgrids have the ability to enhance power supply reliability.
  • 1.7K
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Treatment of Human Head Lice
The treatment of human head lice infestation is a process for removing head lice parasites from human hair and it has been debated and studied for centuries. However, the number of cases of human louse infestations (or pediculosis) has increased worldwide since the mid-1960s, reaching hundreds of millions annually. There is no product or method which assures 100% destruction of the eggs and hatched lice after a single treatment. However, there are a number of treatment modalities that can be employed with varying degrees of success. These methods include chemical treatments, natural products, combs, shaving, hot air, and silicone-based lotions.
  • 1.7K
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Paranoid Android
Paranoid Android is an open-source operating system for smartphones and tablet computers, based on the Android mobile platform. The latest official version is Sapphire, based on Android 12, released on 30 November 2021. In September 2015, PC Advisor called it the most famous ROM along with CyanogenMod, and The Economic Times called it the second-largest custom Android ROM in the world with over 200 000 users.
  • 1.7K
  • 08 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Blood Markers in Human Colorectal Cancer
Cancer is a predominant cause of mortality all over the world. Lung, prostate, and colorectal cancer are the more frequent in men while breast and colorectal have a high incidence in women. Major progress aside, some cancers are still frequent and one major issue is improvements in detection methods. Imaging techniques have a major role, but inflammatory, tumoral markers and calculated scores may contribute to the assessment of prognosis. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), and carcinoembryonic antigen cell adhesion molecule (CEACAM) have been used for decades and do not have a clear use for diagnosis or prognosis yet. The CEACAM family includes 12 human members, and some of them have a cluster differentiation (CD). CD66 may be an interesting indicator of disease severity. Beside interleukin-6 (IL-6), the high level of which is observed in patients with a high mortality rate, other cytokines IL-17A, IL-22, and transforming growth factor -β (TGF-β) are expressed at the tumor level. The detection of circulating tumor cells has been improved but is still of undetermined value. Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) was recently studied in CRC stage II patients and may be helpful for chemotherapy management.
  • 1.7K
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
List of Tram Track Gauges
A list of tram track gauges is given below.
  • 1.7K
  • 14 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Romney Family
The Romney family, prominent in U.S. politics and other professions, is most known for its connection with George W. Romney (1907 in Colonia Dublán, Galeana, Chihuahua, Mexico – 1995 at Bloomfield Hills, Michigan), 43rd governor of Michigan (1963–1969) and his son, Mitt Romney (born 1947 in Detroit, Michigan), 70th governor of Massachusetts (2003–2007), and Republican nominee for the presidency of the United States in 2012. George Romney's father was Gaskell Romney (1871 in St. George, Utah – 1955 in Salt Lake City, Utah), and his mother was Anna Amelia Pratt. Anna's grandfather was renowned early Mormon leader Parley Parker Pratt. Based upon the family's heritage going back to the first Mormon generation and to their modern-day prominence in business, politics, and as part of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, authors Richard and Joan Ostling have written variously that the Romneys are "an LDS political dynasty" and that "The Romneys are LDS royalty." The family is linked by marriage to the Smith family, and has a lateral relationship with the Matheson family, the Huntsman family, and the Eyring family. A branch of the Romneys reside in the Mormon colonies in Mexico. The Romney family emigrated to the United States from Dalton-in-Furness, England in the 1840s.
  • 1.7K
  • 26 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Bacterial and Fungal Biocontrol Agents against Plant-Parasitic Nematodes
Nematodes are non-segmented invertebrates and are by far the most abundant animals on Earth, accounting for an estimated four-fifths of all animals of the terrestrial biosphere. Among soil-dwelling nematodes, some have crucial ecological niches in the soil food web, regulating carbon and recycling nutrients (such as nitrogen, increasing its availability to plants), while others are considered a phytosanitary risk. Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) pose a big threat to food security and plant health. The Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2072 lists 15 nematode species, 10 of which do not occur in the Schengen territory and 5 do. The European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) recommends EU member states to regulate the following nematodes as quarantine pests: Aphelenchoides besseyi, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, Ditylenchus dipsaci, Globodera pallida, G. rostochiensis, Heterodera glycines, Meloidogyne chitwoodi, M. enterolobii, M. fallax, M. mali, Radopholus similis, and Xiphinema rivesi.
  • 1.7K
  • 30 Nov 2024
Topic Review
Chatbot-Based Natural Language Interfaces for Data Visualisation
Reality (AR) or Virtual Reality (VR), particularly for advanced visualisations, expanding guidance strategies beyond current limitations, adopting intelligent visual mapping techniques, and incorporating more sophisticated interaction methods. 
  • 1.7K
  • 28 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Multi-View Stereo Method
As a 3D reconstruction method, multi-view stereoscopic (MVS) plays a vital role in 3D computer vision, and has a wide range of applications in the fields of virtual reality, augmented reality, and autonomous driving. With the rapid development of deep learning technology in the field of computer vision, the learning-based multi-view stereo method has produced advanced results.
  • 1.7K
  • 18 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Nanopore Technology in Gene Sequencing
Nanopore technology refers to nano-scale holes embedded in a thin membrane structure to detect the potential change when charged biological molecules smaller than nanopore pass through the hole. Therefore, nanopore technology has the potential to sense and analyze single-molecule amino acid, DNA, RNA, etc.. In this review, we will focus on the applications of nanopore technology in gene sequencing.
  • 1.7K
  • 02 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Proto-Min Language
Proto-Min is a comparative reconstruction of the common ancestor of the Min group of varieties of Chinese. Min varieties developed in the relative isolation of the Chinese province of Fujian and eastern Guangdong, and have since spread to Taiwan, southeast Asia and other parts of the world. They contain reflexes of distinctions not found in Middle Chinese or most other modern varieties, and thus provide additional data for the reconstruction of Old Chinese. Jerry Norman reconstructed the sound system of proto-Min from popular vocabulary in a range of Min varieties, including new data on varieties from inland Fujian. The system has a six-way manner contrast in stops and affricates, compared with the three-way contrast in Middle Chinese and modern Wu varieties and the two-way contrast in most modern Chinese varieties. A two-way contrast in sonorants is also reconstructed, compared with the single series of Middle Chinese and all modern varieties. Evidence from early loans into other languages suggests that the additional contrasts may reflect consonant clusters or minor syllables.
  • 1.7K
  • 10 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Nanostructured Materials for Uranium Removal
Groundwater is commonly used as a drinking water resource all over the world. Therefore, groundwater contamination by toxic metals is an important issue of utmost concern for public health, and several technologies are applied for their effective removal, such as coagulation, ion exchange, adsorption, and membrane applications like reverse osmosis. Adsorption is acknowledged as a simple, effective and economic technology, which has received increased interest recently, despite certain limitations regarding operational applications. The respective scientific efforts have been specifically focused on the development and implementation of novel nano-structured adsorbent materials, which may offer extensive specific surface areas, much higher than the conventional adsorbents, and hence, are expected to present higher removal efficiencies of pollutants. In this paper, the recent developments of nanomaterial applications for uranium removal from groundwaters are critically reviewed. Particularly, the use of novel composite materials, based mainly on hybrid metallic oxide nanoparticles and on composites based on graphene oxide (GO) (i.e., graphene-based hybrids), showed promising evidences to achieve efficient removal of toxic metals from water sources, even in full scale applications.
  • 1.7K
  • 12 May 2020
Topic Review
Locust Bacterial Symbionts
Locusts have been devastating vegetation and agriculture since ancient times. The formation of huge swarms that migrate long distances is a hallmark of the locust phenomenon. An important aspect of locusts’ natural history is that of their interaction with the bacteria they harbor in and on their body. These locust-associated bacteria have been shown to affect certain physiological traits (such as immunity and swarm cohesion), as well as possibly also being affected by differentfactors in the locust biology. This review summarizes our current understanding of the locust-bacterial interaction. We focus on identifying the relevant bacterial strains and their locations within the insects; the role of the bacteria and their importance to their host’s life; the mechanism of transmitting important bacteria across locust generations; and more. Finally, we offer some new perspectives and research directions that could broaden our understanding of the locust-associated bacteria and their tentative instrumental role in locust outbreaks.
  • 1.7K
  • 19 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Supramolecular Aggregates
Supramolecular Aggregates cross several disciplines, embracing the sciences of nature and joining theory, experiment, and application, from molecular to macroscopic levels. The problems of interdisciplinarity are overcome initially with scientific divulgation, bringing concepts from their origin, to facilitate the access of young scientists to the scientific content. Next, focus on some basic principles can help to understand the non trivial connections between Physics, Chemistry and Biology. 
  • 1.7K
  • 03 Aug 2021
Topic Review
3D-Printed Biodigital Clay Bricks
An optimized formal design of Bricks to achieve sustainability in the use of materials and were achieved by using a bottom-up methodology of biolearning to extract the formal grammar of the bricks that is suitable for their various applications in the built environment as building units, thereby realizing the concept of formal physiology, as well as employing the concept of fractality or pixilation by using 3D printing to create the bricks as building units on an architectural scale. This enables the adoption of this method as an alternative construction procedure instead of conventional clay brick and full-scale 3D printing of architecture on a wider and more democratic scale, avoiding the high costs of 3D printing machines and lengthy processes of the one-step, 3D-printed, full-scale architecture, while also guaranteeing minimum material consumption and maximum forma–function coherency. The “Biodigital Barcelona Clay Bricks” were developed using Rhinoceros 3D and Grasshopper 3D + Plugins (Anemone and Kangaroo) and were 3D printed in clay. 
  • 1.7K
  • 15 Jan 2022
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