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Topic Review
Blockchain Technology on Supply Chain Collaboration in Lenovo
Blockchain technology, as a revolutionary technology that has emerged, holds significant potential for application in supply chain operations. 
  • 1.7K
  • 14 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Drive Cycles for Electrochemical Propulsion
Automotive drive cycles have existed since the 1960s. They started as requirements as being solely used for emissions testing. During the past decade, they became popular with scientists and researchers in the testing of electrochemical vehicles and power devices. They help simulate realistic driving scenarios anywhere from system to component-level design. 
  • 1.7K
  • 22 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors in Antidiabetic Treatment
Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) enzyme is a type II transmembrane glycoprotein, expressed ubiquitously in many tissues, including the immune cells, kidney, liver, pancreas, fat cells, and presents as a soluble form in the circulation. Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 is a serine protease, can cleave and inactivate incretin hormones, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), neuropeptides, and chemokines. In addition, DPP4 has been shown to have a direct pro-inflammatory role in lymphocytes, macrophages, and smooth muscle cell.
  • 1.7K
  • 25 May 2022
Topic Review
Dietary Effects of Anthocyanins in Human Health
The consumption of natural-based foods, including beans, fruits, legumes, nuts, oils, vegetables, spices, and whole grains, has been encouraged. This fact is essentially due to their content in bioactive phytochemicals, with the phenolic compounds standing out. Among them, anthocyanins have been a target of many studies due to the presence of catechol, pyrogallol, and methoxy groups in their chemical structure, which confer notable scavenging, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory activities, being already recommended as supplementation to mitigate or even attenuate certain disorders, such as diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular and neurological pathologies. The most well-known anthocyanins are cyanidin 3-O-glucoside and cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside. They are widespread in nature, being present in considerable amounts in red fruits and red vegetables.
  • 1.7K
  • 08 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Achilles Tendon Ossification and Fracture
Achilles Tendinopathy is characterized by pain, swelling, and limited function of the tendon, and may include calcification or ossification. Regardless of the specific pattern, several terms are used to describe calcification/ossification within or surrounding the Achilles Tendon, including Heterotopic Ossification of the Achilles Tendon, Calcifying Tendonitis, Ossified Tendonitis, Calcific Periarthritis, and Apatite Deposition. In contrast to Calcific Tendinitis, Ossific Tendinitis microscopic examination reveals one or more segments of mature lamellar bone formation within the substance of the tendon, either at the insertion or within the body of the tendon.
  • 1.7K
  • 17 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Mediterranean U-boat Campaign (World War I)
Script error: No such module "Infobox military conflict". The Mediterranean U-boat Campaign in the Mediterranean Sea was fought by Austria-Hungary and German Empire (with some support by the Ottoman Empire) against the Allies during World War I. It was characterised by the ability of the Central Powers to raid with near impunity during the first years of the war, causing substantial shipping losses, until the introduction of the convoy system allowed the Allies to drastically cut their losses from 1917 on.
  • 1.7K
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Passenger Traffic-Flows
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) enabled optimisation of train's passenger traffic flows is a key consideration of transportation under Smart City planning (SCP). Traditional mobility prediction based optimisation and encryption approaches are reactive in nature; however, Artificial Intelligence (AI) driven proactive solutions are required for near real-time optimisation. Leveraging the historical passenger data recorded via Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) sensors installed at the train stations, mobility prediction models can be developed to support and improve the railway operational performance vis-a-vis 5G and beyond. In this paper we have analysed the passenger traffic flows based on an Access, Egress and Interchange (AEI) framework to support train infrastructure against congestion, accidents, overloading carriages and maintenance. This paper predominantly focuses on developing passenger flow predictions using Machine Learning (ML) along with a novel encryption model that is capable of handling the heavy passenger traffic flow in real-time. We have compared and reported the performance of various ML driven flow prediction models using real-world passenger flow data obtained from London Underground and Overground (LUO). Extensive spatio-temporal simulations leveraging realistic mobility prediction models show that an AEI framework can achieve 91.17% prediction accuracy along with secure and light-weight encryption capabilities. Security parameters such as correlation coefficient (<0.01), entropy (>7.70), number of pixel change rate (>99%), unified average change intensity (>33), contrast (>10), homogeneity (<0.3) and energy (<0.01) prove the efficacy of the proposed encryption scheme.
  • 1.7K
  • 29 Jan 2021
Topic Review
SAM-Based Electrodes
Self-assembled molecular monolayers (SAMs) are long recognized as crucial "bridges" between redox enzymes and solid electrode surfaces, on which the enzymes undergo direct electron transfer (DET)—for example, in enzymatic biofuel cells (EBFCs) and biosensors. SAMs possess a wide range of terminal groups that enable productive enzyme adsorption and fine-tuning in favorable orientations on the electrode. The tunneling distance, the SAM chain length, and the contacting terminal SAM groups are the most significant factors in SAM-controlled DET-type bioelectrocatalysis.
  • 1.7K
  • 08 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Limosilactobacillus fermentum CECT5716
Limosilactobacillus fermentum CECT5716 has become one of the most promising probiotics and it has been described to possess potential beneficial effects on inflammatory processes and immunological alterations.
  • 1.7K
  • 15 Apr 2021
Topic Review
The TACTIC Telescope
The TACTIC (TeV Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescope with Imaging Camera) is a ground-based gamma-ray telescope in India. The telescope was set up at Mount Abu (24.6∘ N, 72.7∘ E, 1300 m above sea level)  in 1997. The operating principle of TACTIC is based on the imaging atmospheric Cherenkov technique for indirect observation of the gamma-ray sky. Since its first light in 1997, the TACTIC telescope has been employed to explore the Universe at TeV energies and several outstanding results are derived from the TACTIC data.  
  • 1.7K
  • 28 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Blockchain-Based Wine Supply Chain for the Industry Advancement
Wine production counts more than 8000 years and it is still one of the most significant agri-food sectors worldwide considering the generated revenues in the countries' economies and employment level in the sector as well as the health aspects of wine consumption.
  • 1.7K
  • 01 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Microbiome Research in Alopecia Areata
The continuous research advances in the microbiome field is changing clinicians’ points of view about the involvement of the microbiome in human health and disease, including autoimmune diseases such as alopecia areata (AA). Both gut and cutaneous dysbiosis have been considered to play roles in alopecia areata. A new approach is currently possible owing also to the use of omic techniques for studying the role of the microbiome in the disease by the deep understanding of microorganisms involved in the dysbiosis as well as of the pathways involved. These findings suggest the possibility to adopt a topical approach using either cosmetics or medical devices, to modulate or control, for example, the growth of overexpressed species using specific bacteriocins or postbiotics or with pH control. This will favour at the same time the growth of beneficial bacteria which, in turn, can impact positively both the structure of the scalp ecosystem on the host’s response to internal and external offenders.
  • 1.7K
  • 08 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Greenhouse Gas Footprint
The Greenhouse gas footprint, or GHG footprint, refers to the amount of greenhouse gases that are emitted during the creation of products or services. Human activities are one of the main causes of greenhouse gas. These increase the earth's temperature and are emitted from fossil fuel usage in electricity and other byproducts of manufacturing. The major effects mainly consist of climate changes, such as extreme precipitation and acidification and warming of oceans. Climate change has been occurring since the start of the Industrial Revolution in the 1820s. Due to humans' heavy reliance on fossil fuels, energy usage, and constant deforestation, the amount of greenhouse gas in the atmosphere is increasing, which makes reducing a greenhouse gas footprint harder to achieve. However, there are several ways to reduce one's greenhouse gas footprint, such as using more energy efficient household appliances, increase usage of fuel efficient cars, and saving electricity.
  • 1.7K
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Links between a Vegan Diet and Cardiovascular Diseases
The term “vegan diet” comprises a range of eating patterns that prioritize nutrient-rich foods such as fruits and vegetables, legumes, whole grains, nuts, and seeds. In comparison to omnivorous diets, which are often lower in such products, the vegan diet has been favorably connected with changes in cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk markers such as reduced body mass index (BMI) values, total serum cholesterol, serum glucose, inflammation, and blood pressure.
  • 1.7K
  • 06 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Endothelial Dysfunction and Arterial Stiffness under Cardiovascular Risk
Pathophysiological conditions such as endothelial dysfunction and arterial stiffness, characterized by low nitric oxide bioavailability, deficient endothelium-dependent vasodilation and heart effort, predispose individuals to atherosclerotic lesions and cardiac events. Nitrate (NO3−), L-arginine, L-citrulline and potassium (K+) can mitigate arterial dysfunction and stiffness by intensifying NO bioavailability. Dietary compounds such as L-arginine, L-citrulline, NO3− and K+ exert vasoactive effects as demonstrated in clinical interventions by noninvasive flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD) and pulse-wave velocity (PWV) prognostic techniques.
  • 1.7K
  • 07 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Prion Protein Gene (PRNP) in Dogs
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) have been reported in a wide range of species. However, TSE infection in natural cases has never been reported in dogs. Previous studies have reported that polymorphisms of the prion protein gene (PRNP) have a direct impact on the susceptibility of TSE. However, studies on polymorphisms of the canine PRNP gene are very rare in dogs. We examined the genotype, allele, and haplotype frequencies of canine PRNP in 204 dogs and analyzed linkage disequilibrium (LD). In addition, to evaluate the impact of nonsynonymous polymorphisms on prion protein (PrP), we carried out in silico analysis.
  • 1.7K
  • 18 Jun 2020
Topic Review
SDSA DNA Repair Mechanism
DNA repair mechanisms include nucleotide pool sanitization (nucleotide pool sanitization), direct repair (DR), base excision repair (BER), nucleotide excision repair (NER), mismatch repair (MMR), homologous recombination repair ( HRR) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ).  The mechanism of action of ssODN-directed gene editing has been a topic of discussion within the field of CRISPR gene editing since its inception. Multiple comparable, but distinct, pathways have been discovered for DNA repair both with and without a repair template oligonucleotide.
  • 1.7K
  • 06 May 2021
Topic Review
Deep Eutectic Solvents as Promising Green Solvents
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have recently attracted attention as a promising green alternative to conventional hazardous solvents by virtue of their simple preparation, low cost, and biodegradability. Even though the application of DESs in analytical chemistry is still in its early stages, the number of publications on this topic is growing. Analytical procedures applying dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction based on the solidification of floating organic droplets (DLLME-SFOD) are among the more appealing approaches where DESs have been found to be applicable.
  • 1.7K
  • 20 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Inflammatory Response of Dentine–Pulp Complex
Soft-tissue structures are in close interaction with mineralized bone, but also dentine, cementum and enamel of our teeth. These are exposed to intense mechanical and chemical stress as well as to dense microbiologic colonization. Teeth are susceptible to damage, most commonly to caries, where microorganisms from the oral cavity degrade the mineralized tissues of enamel and dentine and invade the soft connective tissue at the core, the dental pulp. However, the pulp is well-equipped to sense and fend off bacteria and their products and mounts various and intricate defense mechanisms. The front rank is formed by a layer of odontoblasts, which line the pulp chamber towards the dentine. These highly specialized cells not only form mineralized tissue but exert important functions as barrier cells. They recognize pathogens early in the process, secrete antibacterial compounds and neutralize bacterial toxins, initiate the immune response and alert other key players of the host defense. As bacteria get closer to the pulp, additional cell types of the pulp, including fibroblasts, stem and immune cells, but also vascular and neuronal networks, contribute with a variety of distinct defense mechanisms, and inflammatory response mechanisms are critical for tissue homeostasis. Still, without therapeutic intervention, a deep carious lesion may lead to tissue necrosis, which allows bacteria to populate the root canal system and invade the periradicular bone via the apical foramen at the root tip. The periodontal tissues and alveolar bone react to the insult with an inflammatory response, most commonly by the formation of an apical granuloma. Healing can occur after pathogen removal, which is achieved by disinfection and obturation of the pulp space by root canal treatment. 
  • 1.7K
  • 26 May 2021
Topic Review
Inequalities and Power in Digital Agriculture
There are several patterns of inequalities linked to the development and adoption of digital technologies in agriculture that can be observed across the globe: (1) in digital technology development; (2) in the distribution of benefits from the use of digital technologies; (3) in sovereignty over data, hardware and digital infrastructure; (4) in skills and knowledge (‘digital literacy’); and (5) in problem definition and problem-solving capacities. The existing inequalities are structural and represent expressions of corporate power. From such a perspective, digitalization in agriculture is not a ‘revolution’ per se; rather, digital technologies mirror and reproduce existing power relations. However, there are also emancipatory initiatives that are applying digital technologies to challenge existing inequalities and to advance alternative visions of agriculture. 
  • 1.7K
  • 16 Nov 2021
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