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Topic Review
Cancer and Immunotherapy
The era of personalized cancer therapy is here. Advances in the field of immunotherapy have paved the way for the development of individualized neoantigen-based therapies that can translate into favorable treatment outcomes and fewer side effects for patients.
  • 854
  • 14 Sep 2022
Topic Review
CART-Cell Therapy in Multiple Myeloma
Available data on anti-BCMA CART-cell therapy has demonstrated efficacy and manageable toxicity in heavily pretreated R/R MM patients. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy targeting B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) represents a new strategy for the treatment of relapsed/refractory MM (R/R).
  • 853
  • 17 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Artemisia-AgNPs Applicaton in cancer nanomedicine
The fight against cancer is one of the main challenges for medical research. Recently, nanotechnology has made significant progress, providing possibilities for developing innovative nanomaterials to overcome the common limitations of current therapies. In this context, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) represent a promising nano-tool able to offer interesting applications for cancer research. Following this path, we combined the silver proprieties with Artemisia arborescens characteristics, producing novel nanoparticles called Artemisia–AgNPs. A “green” synthesis method was performed to produce Artemisia–AgNPs, using Artemisia arborescens extracts. Several biological assays were performed to evaluate the Artemisia–AgNPs anti-cancer properties. 
  • 853
  • 16 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Histone Deacetylases in Oncoproteins
Reversible Nε-lysine acetylation/deacetylation is one of the most common post-translational modifications (PTM) of histones and non-histone proteins that is regulated by histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs). This epigenetic process is highly involved in carcinogenesis, affecting histone and non-histone proteins’ properties and their biological functions. Some of the transcription factors, including tumor suppressors and oncoproteins, undergo this modification altering different cell signaling pathways. HDACs deacetylate their targets, which leads to either the upregulation or downregulation of proteins involved in the regulation of cell cycle and apoptosis, ultimately influencing tumor growth, invasion, and drug resistance. Therefore, epigenetic modifications are of great clinical importance and may constitute a new therapeutic target in cancer treatment. 
  • 853
  • 27 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Oxidative Stress Management in Pre-Cancer
Chronic viral hepatitis B and C and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) have been widely acknowledged to be the leading causes of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. As anti-viral treatment progresses, the impact of NAFLD is increasing. NAFLD can coexist with chronic viral hepatitis and exacerbate its progression. Oxidative stress has been recognized as a chronic liver disease progression-related and cancer-initiating stress response. However, there are still many unresolved issues concerning oxidative stress, such as the correlation between the natural history of the disease and promising treatment protocols. Recent findings indicate that oxidative stress is also an anti-cancer response that is necessary to kill cancer cells. Oxidative stress might therefore be a cancer-initiating response that should be down regulated in the pre-cancerous stage in patients with risk factors for cancer, while it is an anti-cancer cell response that should not be down regulated in the post-cancerous stage, especially in patients using anti-cancer agents. Antioxidant nutrients should be administered carefully according to the patients’ disease status.
  • 852
  • 06 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Therapeutic Implications for Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a type of cancer that arises in the exocrine glands of the pancreas and comprises over 90% of pancreatic malignancies. Currently the 11th most common cancer worldwide, PDAC is the seventh leading cause of cancer-related deaths and is on track to move to second place by 2030. Despite the high prevalence, therapeutic options remain limited, with only modest improvements in overall survival (OS) occurring over the past 50 years.
  • 852
  • 12 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Immunotherapy for Cancer
Cancer immunotherapies, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T), have dramatically altered the treatment landscape for many solid and hematologic malignancies. Ongoing research continues to investigate ways to harness the immune system to treat cancer and broaden the indications for currently available therapies. Although immunotherapies have revolutionized the treatment of solid and hematologic malignancies, they have unique toxicity profiles based on their mode of action. Despite this, such innovative therapies can potentially increase already-in-use therapies’ effectiveness.
  • 852
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Immune Checkpoint Blockade
The immune checkpoint blockade (ICB), and concretely the blockade of the PD1/PDL1 axis, has opened up a new standard of treatment for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
  • 851
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Carrier Cells for Oncolytic Virotherapy
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are an emerging class of therapeutics which combine multiple mechanisms of action, including direct cancer cell-killing, immunotherapy and gene therapy. To target metastatic diseases and tumors that cannot be directly accessed, it is of great interest to develop effective approaches for the systemic delivery of OVs, such as the use of carrier cells, which can be loaded with virus ex vivo and administered intravenously. In general, the ideal carrier cell should have a tropism towards the tumor microenvironment (TME), and it must be susceptible to OV infection but remain viable long enough to allow migration and finally release of the OV within the tumor bed.
  • 851
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
PD-1/PD-L1-Based Immunotherapy for Metastatic Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) refers to a type of breast cancer in which the immunohistochemistry of the cancer tissue is negative for estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER-2), and it accounts for 15–20% of all breast cancer patients. Because of its rapid progression, most patients with TNBC have progressed to the more malignant and aggressive metastatic TNBC (mTNBC), with a shorter survival period by the time they seek medical attention. The majority of breast cancer deaths are caused by mTNBC. According to pathological characteristics, it lacks specific therapeutic targets, and it cannot be completely removed surgically due to unclear distant micro-metastases. Therefore, treatment of mTNBC is usually based on chemotherapy. However, according to clinical statistics, the overall response rate (ORR‘) of mTNBC with single-agent chemotherapy is only 10–30%, and with the best multi-drug combination chemotherapy regimen it is only 63%. The average pathologically complete response (pCR) to mTNBC with multi-drug combination chemotherapy regimen is about 30–40%. In summary, the benefit of chemotherapy for patients with mTNBC is not promising. The search for treatments with high clearance, good targeting, and few side effects has become a major focus of medical research.
  • 851
  • 07 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Peptides with Dual Antimicrobial-Anticancer Activity
Peptides are naturally produced by all organisms and exhibit a wide range of physiological, immunomodulatory, and wound healing functions. Furthermore, they can provide with protection against microorganisms and tumor cells. Their multifaceted performance, high selectivity, and reduced toxicity have positioned them as effective therapeutic agents, representing a positive economic impact for pharmaceutical companies. Currently, efforts have been made to invest in the development of new peptides with antimicrobial and anticancer properties, but the poor stability of these molecules in physiological environments has triggered a bottleneck. Therefore, some tools, such as nanotechnology and in silico approaches can be applied as alternatives to try to overcome these obstacles. In silico studies provide a priori knowledge that can lead to the development of new anticancer peptides with enhanced biological activity and improved stability.
  • 850
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Urine HPV Testing
Urine HPV detection has the potential to become a most promising tool that could expand the possibilities in changing genital and cervical cancer prevention strategies as well as in the surveillance and management of genital precancer.
  • 850
  • 21 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Treatment of Elderly Patients Suffering from Hodgkin Lymphoma
Elderly patients make up a significant number of cases of newly diagnosed Hodgkin lymphoma. However, unlike in young patients, the outcomes of elderly patients are poor, and they are under-represented in phase III trials. Prior to treatment initiation, geriatric assessment should ideally be performed to address the patient’s fitness and decide whether to pursue a curative or palliative approach. The ABVD regimen is poorly tolerated in unfit patients, with high treatment-related mortality. Alternative chemotherapy approaches have been explored, with mixed results obtained concerning their feasibility and toxicity in phase II trials. The introduction of brentuximab vedotin-based regimens led to a paradigm shift in first- and further-line treatment of elderly Hodgkin lymphoma patients, providing adequate disease control within a broader patient population. As far as checkpoint inhibitors are concerned, researchers are only just beginning to understand the role in the treatment of this population. In relapsed/refractory settings there are few options, ranging from autologous stem cell transplantation in selected patients to pembrolizumab, but unfortunately, palliative care is the most common modality. Importantly, published studies are frequently burdened with numerous biases (such as low numbers of patients, selection bias and lack of geriatric assessment), leading to low level of evidence.
  • 850
  • 02 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Diagnosis of Retroperitoneal Sarcoma
Soft tissue sarcomas (STS) are an uncommon and biologically heterogeneous group of tumors arising from mesenchymal cells. The incidence is estimated at five cases per 100,000 people per year. Retroperitoneal sarcomas (RPS) account for 10–15% of all STS, and their management depends on their anatomical characteristics and histotype. Due to their very low incidence, it is recommended that RPS be treated in reference centers and evaluated by an experienced multidisciplinary team (MDT). In Spain, the Spanish Group for Research in Sarcomas (GEIS) brings together experts from various specialties to promote research on sarcomas and improve treatment results.
  • 850
  • 25 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Targeting Tie2 in the Tumor Microenvironment
The dissemination of cancer cells from their original location to distant organs where they grow, a process called metastasis, causes more than 90% of cancer deaths. The identification of the molecular mechanisms of metastasis and the development of anti-metastatic therapies are essential to increase patient survival. In recent years, targeting the tumor microenvironment has become a promising avenue to prevent both tumor growth and metastasis. As the tumor microenvironment contains not only cancer cells but also blood vessels, immune cells, and other non-cancerous cells, it is naïve to think that therapy only affects a single cell type in this complex environment. Here to stress the importance, and ways to inhibit the function, of one therapeutic target: the receptor Tie2. Tie2 is a receptor present on the cell surface of several cell types within the tumor microenvironment and regulates tumor angiogenesis, growth, and metastasis to distant organs.
  • 849
  • 06 Dec 2021
Topic Review
SMAD Proteins in TGF-β Signalling Pathway in Cancer
Suppressor of mother against decapentaplegic (SMAD) family proteins are central to one of the most versatile cytokine signalling pathways in metazoan biology, the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) pathway. The TGF-β pathway is widely known for its dual role in cancer progression as both an inhibitor of tumour cell growth and an inducer of tumour metastasis.
  • 849
  • 06 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Ultrasound-Mediated Drug Delivery and Gene Therapy
Ultrasound (US) is a nearly innocuous and widely available imaging technique with a well-established role in various diagnostic applications. Diagnostic US techniques uses high frequency ultrasound waves to view real-time tissue and organs inside the human body. The use of US as a drug delivery facilitator was first described in the mid 90s, using the physical transient increased cell membrane permeability from sonoporation. Subsequent research reported the enhanced biophysical effects of ultrasound by incorporation of MBs.
  • 848
  • 05 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Causal Diagrams in Oncology
Causal diagrams can be used to facilitate patient-specific decision-making by showing what data should be used and by explicitly representing the assumptions needed to combine data obtained from different sources.
  • 848
  • 26 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Chimeric Antigen Receptors
Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) are recombinant antigen receptors located on T lymphocytes or other immune cells that redirect their specificity and functions.
  • 847
  • 28 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Bruton’s Tyrosine Kinase Signaling in Tumor Microenvironment
Protein tyrosine kinase Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) is essential for B cell maturation and proliferation. Dysregulation of BTK signaling in B cells leads to B cell lymphoma. In addition to B cells, BTK is also expressed in other types of immune cells including myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC), dendritic cells, mast cells and macrophages, all of which comprise the tumor microenvironment in solid cancers.
  • 847
  • 25 Oct 2022
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