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Topic Review
Key Heterocyclic Anti-Angiogenic Leads
Pathological angiogenesis is a hallmark of cancer; accordingly, a number of anticancer FDA-approved drugs act by inhibiting angiogenesis via different mechanisms. However, the development process of the most potent anti-angiogenics has met various hurdles including redundancy, multiplicity, and development of compensatory mechanisms by which blood vessels are remodeled. Moreover, identification of broad-spectrum anti-angiogenesis targets is proved to be required to enhance the efficacy of the anti-angiogenesis drugs. In this perspective, a proper understanding of the structure activity relationship (SAR) of the recent anti-angiogenics is required. Various anti-angiogenic classes have been developed over the years; among them, the heterocyclic organic compounds come to the fore as the most promising, with several drugs approved by the FDA.
  • 886
  • 24 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs)
Circulating tumor cells (CTC) have been recognized as the cause of distant metastasis. Their unique role as metastatic seeds renders them a potential marker in the circulation for early cancer prognosis, as well as monitoring therapeutic response. This review summarizes existing CTC isolation technologies, advances in downstream analysis of CTC and their potential applications in precision medicine.
  • 886
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Ruthenium Complexes against Lung Cancer
Lung cancer can be classified into central and peripheral lung cancer depending on the anatomical part affected, as well as into two main pathological entities: non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small-cell lung cancer (SCLC). NSCLC can be further subdivided into three histological subtypes: lung squamous cell carcinoma, lung adenocarcinoma, and large cell carcinoma. NSCLC, which accounts for about approximately 85% of lung cancer cases, has shown an increased mortality rate in recent years. Radical surgery is the most common treatment applied to early-stage NSCLC patients, while chemotherapy is mainly used for NSCLC patients in advanced or recurrent stages.
  • 886
  • 03 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Targeting Tie2 in the Tumor Microenvironment
The dissemination of cancer cells from their original location to distant organs where they grow, a process called metastasis, causes more than 90% of cancer deaths. The identification of the molecular mechanisms of metastasis and the development of anti-metastatic therapies are essential to increase patient survival. In recent years, targeting the tumor microenvironment has become a promising avenue to prevent both tumor growth and metastasis. As the tumor microenvironment contains not only cancer cells but also blood vessels, immune cells, and other non-cancerous cells, it is naïve to think that therapy only affects a single cell type in this complex environment. Here to stress the importance, and ways to inhibit the function, of one therapeutic target: the receptor Tie2. Tie2 is a receptor present on the cell surface of several cell types within the tumor microenvironment and regulates tumor angiogenesis, growth, and metastasis to distant organs.
  • 886
  • 06 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Ozone Therapy
ozone therapy can induce an adaptive antioxidant and anti-inflammatory response, which could be potentially useful in the management of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy. 
  • 885
  • 31 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Obesity and Cancer
The obesity is associated with many adverse health effects, including worse cancer outcomes. It has been established that obesity (BMI > 30 kg/m2) is a major risk factor for many types of cancer.
  • 885
  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Polyphenols as Anticancer Agents
Polyphenols represent a structural class of mainly natural organic chemicals that contain multiple phenol structural units. Their antineoplastic effects have been demonstrated in various studies when they were tested on numerous cancer lines and some in in vivo models. 
  • 885
  • 28 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Bone Metastases in Prostate Cancer
Clinically relevant bone metastases are a major cause of morbidity and mortality for prostate cancer patients. Distinct phenotypes are described: osteoblastic, the more common osteolytic and mixed. A molecular classification has been also proposed. Bone metastases start with the tropism of cancer cells to the bone through different multi-step tumor–host interactions, as described by the “metastatic cascade” model.
  • 885
  • 03 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumor in Taiwan
Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor (AT/RT) is a rare, highly aggressive embryonal brain tumor most commonly presenting in young children. Older age, supratentorial site, and treatment with radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or both were significantly associated with better survival of patients with AT/RT in Taiwan. 
  • 885
  • 08 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 Therapy for Bladder Cancer
In high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (HR-NMIBC), patient outcome is negatively affected by lack of response to Bacillus-Calmette Guérin (BCG) treatment. Lack of response to cisplatin-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy and cisplatin ineligibility reduces successful treatment outcomes in muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) patients. The effectiveness of PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) in metastatic disease has stimulated its evaluation as a treatment option in HR-NMIBC and MIBC patients. However, the observed responses, immune-related adverse events and high costs associated with ICI have provided impetus for the development of methods to improve patient stratification, enhance anti-tumorigenic effects and reduce toxicity.
  • 883
  • 24 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Exosomal microRNA in Pancreatic Cancer
Pancreatic cancer is a highly aggressive and lethal malignancy mostly due to its late-stage presentation. This malignancy is difficult to diagnose, monitor, and treat, hence the development of novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and better therapeutic strategies are urgently needed. Several groundbreaking discoveries over the past decade on cancer-associated exosomes demonstrated an association between exosomal miRNA and the development, progression, and therapy-resistance of pancreatic cancer.
  • 883
  • 29 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Histone Deacetylases in Oncoproteins
Reversible Nε-lysine acetylation/deacetylation is one of the most common post-translational modifications (PTM) of histones and non-histone proteins that is regulated by histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs). This epigenetic process is highly involved in carcinogenesis, affecting histone and non-histone proteins’ properties and their biological functions. Some of the transcription factors, including tumor suppressors and oncoproteins, undergo this modification altering different cell signaling pathways. HDACs deacetylate their targets, which leads to either the upregulation or downregulation of proteins involved in the regulation of cell cycle and apoptosis, ultimately influencing tumor growth, invasion, and drug resistance. Therefore, epigenetic modifications are of great clinical importance and may constitute a new therapeutic target in cancer treatment. 
  • 883
  • 27 Apr 2022
Topic Review
The Interplay of Lung Cancer, COVID-19, and Vaccines
The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has negatively affected the treatment of malignant diseases and the development of new prodrugs worldwide. Patients with cancer are more susceptible to a higher risk of coronavirus infection and its severe complications than the general population. The lungs are the most strongly affected organs in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Additionally, within the lungs, as in other human organ tissues, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) was proven to be the main host cell receptor for the binding of SARS-CoV-2. ACE2 expression is also elevated in tumor and tumor-adjacent normal tissues in patients with lung cancer, which might partially explain why patients with lung cancer are potentially at a higher risk of severe COVID-19. 
  • 883
  • 30 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Chromosomal Instability in AML
Chromosome instability (CIN) is an increased rate where chromosome acquire alterations due to errors in cell division. CIN creates genetic and cytogenetic diversity and is a common feature in hematological malignancies such as acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Low to moderate levels of CIN seems to be well tolerated and can promote cancer proliferation, genetic diversity, and tumor evolution. However, high levels of CIN seems to be lethal, where enhancing CIN could improve AML treatment. However, little is known about CIN in AML.
  • 882
  • 16 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Epigenetics of SFRP1
Secreted frizzled-related protein 1 (SFRP1) is a gene that belongs to the secreted glycoprotein SFRP family. SFRP1 has been classified as a tumor suppressor gene due to the loss of expression in various human cancers, which is mainly attributed by epigenetic inactivation via DNA methylation or transcriptional silencing by microRNAs. Epigenetic silencing of SFRP1 may cause dysregulation of cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, which lead to cancer cells formation, disease progression, poor prognosis, and treatment resistance. Hence, restoration of SFRP1 expression via demethylating drugs or over-expression experiments opens the possibility for a new cancer therapy approach. While the role of SFRP1 as a tumor suppressor gene is well-established, some studies also reported the possible oncogenic properties of SFRP1 in cancers.
  • 882
  • 13 Jul 2021
Topic Review
The Urokinase Receptor in Targeted Cancer Therapy
The urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) has now firmly established itself as a versatile molecular target holding promise for the treatment of aggressive malignancies. The copious abundance of uPAR in virtually all human cancerous tissues versus their healthy counterparts has fostered a gradual shift in the therapeutic landscape targeting this receptor from function inhibition to cytotoxic approaches to selectively eradicate the uPAR-expressing cells by delivering a targeted cytotoxic insult.  
  • 881
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Ovarian Cancer Stemness
Epithelial ovarian cancer is a highly lethal gynecological malignancy that is characterized by the early development of disseminated metastasis. Though ovarian cancer has been generally considered to preferentially metastasize via direct transcoelomic dissemination instead of the hematogenous route, emerging evidence has indicated that the hematogenous spread of cancer cells plays a larger role in ovarian cancer metastasis than previously thought. Considering the distinctive biology of ovarian cancer, an in-depth understanding of the biological and molecular mechanisms that drive metastasis is critical for developing effective therapeutic strategies against this fatal disease. The recent “cancer stem cell theory” postulates that cancer stem cells are principally responsible for tumor initiation, metastasis, and chemotherapy resistance.
  • 881
  • 30 Aug 2021
Topic Review
K3326X- An HBOC Gene Variant
K3326X is a rare truncating variant on the C-terminus of BRCA2.
  • 880
  • 18 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Thyroid Diseases and Breast Cancer
Multiple lines of evidence indicated a significant relationship between thyroid carcinomas and other primary extra-thyroidal malignancies (EM), especially breast cancer. For the latter, a prominent association was also found with benign thyroid diseases. Factors other than oncologic treatments may play a role in the initiation and progression of a second primary malignancy. The molecular links between thyroid autoimmunity and breast cancer remain, however, unidentified, and different hypotheses have been proposed.
  • 880
  • 14 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Hypoxia inducible factor in nephrotoxicity
Cisplatin is a highly effective, broad-spectrum chemotherapeutic drug, yet its clinical use and efficacy are limited by its side effects. Particularly, cancer patients receiving cisplatin chemotherapy have high incidence of kidney problems. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) is the “master” transcription factor that is induced under hypoxia to trans-activate various genes for adaptation to the low oxygen condition. Numerous studies have reported that HIF activation protects against AKI and promotes kidney recovery in experimental models of cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury (AKI). In contrast, little is known about the effects of HIF on chronic kidney problems following cisplatin chemotherapy. Prolyl hydroxylase (PHD) inhibitors are potent HIF inducers that recently entered clinical use. By inducing HIF, PHD inhibitors may protect kidneys during cisplatin chemotherapy. However, HIF activation by PHD inhibitors may reduce the anti-cancer effect of cisplatin in tumors.
  • 880
  • 26 Jan 2021
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