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Topic Review
Bioisosteric Replacement in Anti-HIV Drug Design
Bioisosteric replacement is a powerful tool for modulating the drug-like properties, toxicity, and chemical space of experimental therapeutics. The use of bioisosteres and the introduction of structural changes to the lead compound allows the chemist to alter the compound’s size, shape, electronic distribution, polarizability, dipole, polarity, lipophilicity, and pKa, while still retaining potent target engagement.
  • 1.8K
  • 11 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Early Warning Systems
An Early Warning System (EWS) is an architecture that integrates monitoring and forecasting subsystems, effective communication technologies, decision-making capabilities, and response activities to reduce the impact of disasters due to hazardous events through the generation and dissemination of accurate and timely warnings.
  • 1.8K
  • 16 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Avascular Necrosis of Femoral Head
Avascular necrosis (AVN) of the femoral head is caused by disruption of the blood supply to the proximal femur. The alterations in the blood supply may occur following a traumatic event or result from a non-traumatic cause. Femoral neck fracture and hip dislocation and associated surgical procedures, corticosteroid therapy, and alcohol abuse frequently lead to AVN development. 
  • 1.8K
  • 29 Jun 2022
Topic Review
The PRESAGE Radiochromic Polymer Dosimeter
Advances in radiotherapy technology and techniques have allowed a highly conformal radiation to be delivered to the tumor target inside the body for cancer treatment. A three-dimensional (3D) dosimetry system is required to verify the accuracy of the complex treatment delivery. A 3D dosimeter based on the radiochromic response of a polymer towards ionising radiation has been introduced as the PRESAGE dosimeter. The polyurethane dosimeter matrix is combined with a leuco-dye and a free radical initiator, whose colour changes in proportion to the radiation dose. PRESAGE overcomes the limitations of its predecessors, the Fricke gel and the polymer gel dosimeters, which are challenging to fabricate and read out, sensitive to oxygen, and sensitive to diffusion. The formulation of PRESAGE shows a delicate balance between the number of radical initiators, metal compounds, and catalysts to achieve stability, optimal sensitivity, and water equivalency. 
  • 1.8K
  • 22 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Autophagy in Pancreatic Cancer
Pancreatic cancer is known to have the lowest survival outcomes among all major cancers, and unfortunately, this has only been marginally improved over last four decades. The innate characteristics of pancreatic cancer include an aggressive and fast-growing nature from powerful driver mutations, a highly defensive tumor microenvironment and the upregulation of advantageous survival pathways such as autophagy. Autophagy involves targeted degradation of proteins and organelles to provide a secondary source of cellular supplies to maintain cell growth.
  • 1.8K
  • 29 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Robo-Taxi
A Robo-Taxi, also known as a Robo-Cab, a self-driving taxi or a driverless taxi is an autonomous car (SAE Level 4 or 5) operated for an e-hailing (on-demand mobility) service. The fact of eliminating the need for a human chauffeur, which represents a significant part of the operating costs of that type of services, could make it a very affordable solution for the customers and accelerate the spreading of Transportation-as-a-Service (TaaS) solutions as opposed to individual car ownership. However, it raises the issue of job destruction. Several studies highlighted that robo-taxis operated in an Autonomous Mobility on Demand (AMoD) service could be one of the most rapidly adopted applications of autonomous cars at scale and a major mobility solution in the near future, especially in urban areas, providing the majority of vehicle miles in the United States within a decade of their first introduction. Moreover, they could have a very positive impact on road safety, traffic congestion and parking. Concerning pollution and consumption of energy and other resources, robo-taxis could lead to significant improvement since these services will most probably use electric cars and for most of the rides, less vehicle size and range is necessary compared to usual, individually owned vehicles. The expectable reduction of the number of vehicles means less embodied energy but energy consumption for redistribution of empty vehicles must be taken into account.
  • 1.8K
  • 17 Oct 2022
Topic Review
(469219) 2016 HO3
(469219) 2016 HO3 is a micro-asteroid, fast rotator and near-Earth object of the Apollo group, approximately 41 meters in diameter. It is currently the smallest, closest, and most stable (known) quasi-satellite of Earth. The asteroid was discovered by Pan-STARRS at Haleakala Observatory on 27 April 2016.
  • 1.8K
  • 03 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Employee Stock Ownership Plan
An employee stock ownership plan (ESOP) is an employee-owner program that provides a company's workforce with an ownership interest in the company. In an ESOP, companies provide their employees with stock ownership, often at no upfront cost to the employees. ESOP shares, however, are part of employees' remuneration for work performed. Shares are allocated to employees and may be held in an ESOP trust until the employee retires or leaves the company. The shares are then either bought back by the company for redistribution or voided. Some corporations are majority employee-owned; the term "employee-owned corporation" often refers to such companies. Such organizations are similar to worker cooperatives, but unlike cooperatives, control of the company's capital is not necessarily evenly distributed. In many cases, voting rights are given only to certain shareholders, and more senior employees may be allocated more shares than new hires; typically, they are tied to the compensation an employee receives from the company. Compared with cooperatives, ESOP-centered corporations often allow for company executives to have greater flexibility and control in governing and managing the corporation. Most corporations, however, use stock ownership plans as a form of in-kind benefit, as a way to prevent hostile takeovers, or to maintain a specific corporate culture. The plans generally prevent average employees from holding too much of the company's stock.
  • 1.8K
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Partridge 1885
Partridge is documented as being the world's oldest, still fully operational classic racing yacht.
  • 1.8K
  • 02 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Ionic Liquids Used in Dissolution of Cellulose
Cellulose is the most abundant natural polymer, which has attracted great attention due to the demand for eco-friendly and sustainable materials. The sustainability of cellulose products also depends on the selection of the dissolution solvent.
  • 1.8K
  • 18 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Leopard Cat
The Leopard Cat (Prionailurus bengalensis) stands as a small wild felid distributed across diverse habitats in Asia, from the Indian subcontinent to Southeast Asia and parts of China. Recognized for its striking resemblance to the larger leopard, this species exhibits a distinctive coat pattern featuring spots and rosettes. As a foundational concept in zoology, exploring the Leopard Cat's behavior, ecological role, and adaptation to various environments contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the felid family and its significance within Asian ecosystems.
  • 1.8K
  • 08 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Causes of Asphalt Pavement Blistering
No theoretical model effectively explains the blistering process, which provokes functional distress in asphalt pavements worldwide. Over the years, it has been possible to observe blistering on many asphalt pavements, collect information related to the specific contexts of its occurrence, and formulate hypotheses on the potential causes.
  • 1.8K
  • 13 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Characteristics of Battery Energy Storage Systems
With increasing concerns about climate change, there is a transition from high-carbon-emitting fuels to green energy resources in various applications including household, commercial, transportation, and electric grid applications. Even though renewable energy resources are receiving traction for being carbon-neutral, their availability is intermittent. To address this issue to achieve extensive application, the integration of energy storage systems in conjunction with these resources is becoming a recommended practice. Additionally, in the transportation sector, the increased demand for electric vehicles (EVs) requires the development of energy storage systems that can deliver energy for rigorous driving cycles, with lithium-ion-based batteries emerging as the superior choice for energy storage due to their high power and energy densities, length of their life cycle, low self-discharge rates, and reasonable cost. As a result, battery energy storage systems (BESSs) are becoming a primary energy storage system. 
  • 1.8K
  • 15 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Judo-Specific Training
Reaching peak judo performance requires the optimal development of technical-tactical, physical, physiological and psychological abilities. High-intensity interval training (HIIT), including general and specific movements, is a training method often used in judo to simultaneously improve multiple aspects of performance. Combat simulation (randori) or throwing technique exercises (uchi-komi, technique repetition without throwing the partner and nage-komi, throwing technique repetition throwing the partner) as specific training methods are regularly used in judo. HIIT using uchi-komi as exercise and performed in all-out mode improves anaerobic and aerobic fitness while allowing technical skill development for judo athletes.
  • 1.8K
  • 05 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Lonidamine
 Lonidamine (LND) is an indazole derivative that was first introduced in 1979 as an anti-spermatogenic agent. Later, LND was found to have antitumor activity by interfering with the energy metabolism, especially its action on tumor mitochondria.  Furthermore, some studies also indicated that LND inhibited hexokinase II (HK-II), followed by the inhibition of glycolytic pathway, as well as pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), leading to the reduction of NADPH and GSH levels. Thus, it was usually used as a glycolytic inhibitor for antitumor research.
  • 1.8K
  • 20 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Fire-Safe Polymer Composites
Currently, polymers are competing with metals and ceramics to realize various material characteristics, including mechanical and electrical properties. Flame retardants can also be introduced to further reinforce the fire performance of polymers.
  • 1.8K
  • 09 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Marine Gas Engine
The interest in natural gas engines as an alternative to diesel engines has intensified as crude oil prices have risen and global environmental regulations have become more stringent. Natural gas engines can improve thermal efficiency through lean combustion, owing to combustion of a wide range of fuels; meanwhile, the low carbon content of the fuel reduces CO2 emissions, which is crucial in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Natural gas engines also exhibit excellent fuel economy and low fuel costs. Unlike crude oil, natural gas is widely distributed worldwide and offers an advantage in terms of supply and demand. As a result, the demand for gas engines is increasing rapidly. Therefore, many marine engine manufacturers have developed micropilot-type gas engines that inject diesel fuel only for ignition.
  • 1.8K
  • 25 May 2021
Topic Review
Hybrid Renewable Energy System
The HRES is a cyber–physical system that can be divided into two layers: the power infrastructure and the communication infrastructure layers, as shown in Figure 1. The power infrastructure layer consists of different energy sources (e.g., wind turbines, photovoltaics, diesel generators, and batteries), transformers, feeders, converters, and electrical connections. The communication infrastructure layer supports the physical infrastructure by an underlying communication network, linking between sensors and actuators nodes. This enables the local control center to manage the system operation. In this integration, ICTs play an essential role in allowing the transition from the conventional power grid to the future smart grid by supporting the integration of HRES.
  • 1.8K
  • 06 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Optical Components Used to Implement Optical Functions
Deep learning has an unquenchable thirst for processing resources. Classical deep learning has silently developed a bottleneck due to the interference of electrical impulses, energy usage, and physical constraints, even though electronic parts established on silicon can still sustain it presently. Academic and corporate circles are attempting to find new approaches for resolving electrical flaws that are less computationally intensive. It has huge benefits in information transmission and OC due to its high speed of 300,000 km per second, which is 300 times faster than that of an electron, and its data-carrying capacity and variety, which is 2 × 104 times greater than that of electric channels, as well as high parallelism and strong anti-interference. Switching electricity with light has emerged as a viable and sustainable work style, following the current trend.
  • 1.8K
  • 30 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Token Ring
Token Ring is a computer networking technology used to build local area networks. It uses a special three-byte frame called a token that travels around a logical ring of workstations or servers. This token passing is a channel access method providing fair access for all stations, and eliminating the collisions of contention-based access methods. There were several other earlier implementations of token-passing networks. Token Ring was introduced by IBM in 1984, and standardized in 1989 as IEEE 802.5. It was a successful technology, particularly in corporate environments, but was gradually eclipsed by the later versions of Ethernet.
  • 1.8K
  • 10 Oct 2022
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