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Topic Review
C-,N- and S-Doped TiO2 Photocatalysts
This entry describes the basics of photocatalysis. It also presents properties and applications of C-,N- and S-Doped TiO2 as a photocatalyst.
  • 1.5K
  • 28 May 2021
Topic Review
Types of Solution Cocrystallization
Solution crystallization has been used in both batch and continuous modes for industrial crystallization for several decades. Solution cocrystallization is often used on a laboratory scale due to its familiarity, simple design, ease of operation, process monitoring, and control. Solvent selection and the mode of supersaturation generation are the two factors that are crucial at the early stages of solution crystallization. For cocrystallization, the solubility of coformers in a given solvent is key factor in solvent selection. Additionally, other operational parameters such as the crystallizer design, mode of agitation, cooling rate/antisolvent addition rate, seeding, or nucleation control can impact final crystal properties such as shape, size, and desired polymorphic.
  • 1.5K
  • 25 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Sustainable Consumption and Production History
SCP has two constituents, consumption and production. Shall we treat them separately or together? Sustainable production is “the creation of goods and services using processes and systems that are non-polluting, conserving of energy and natural resources, economically viable, safe and healthful for workers, communities, and consumers”. Sustainable consumption is the use of products and services that have a minimal impact on environment and enable future generations to meet their needs.
  • 1.5K
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Fouling Prevention in Membranes by Radiation-Induced Graft Copolymerization
The application of membrane processes in various fields has now undergone accelerated developments, despite the presence of some hurdles impacting the process efficiency. Fouling is arguably the main hindrance for a wider implementation of polymeric membranes, particularly in pressure-driven membrane processes, causing higher costs of energy, operation, and maintenance. Radiation induced graft copolymerization (RIGC) is a powerful versatile technique for covalently imparting selected chemical functionalities to membranes’ surfaces, providing a potential solution to fouling problems. 
  • 1.5K
  • 17 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Pharmaceutical Removal on Wastewater
Pharmaceuticals enhance our quality of life; consequently, their consumption is growing as a result of the need to treat ageing-related and chronic diseases and changes in the clinical practice. The market revenues also show an historic growth worldwide motivated by the increase on the drug demand. However, this positivism on the market is fogged because the discharge of pharmaceuticals and their metabolites into the environment, including water, also increases due to their inappropriate management, treatment and disposal; now, worldwide, this fact is recognized as an environmental concern and human health risk. 
  • 1.5K
  • 08 May 2021
Topic Review
Preparation of Nanocrystal technology for Aqueous Insoluble Drugs
The low solubility and bioavailability of aqueous insoluble drugs are critical challenges in the field of pharmaceuticals that need to be overcome. Nanocrystal technology, a novel pharmacological route to address the poor aqueous solubility problem of many poorly soluble drugs, has demonstrated great potential for industrial applications and developments.
  • 1.5K
  • 09 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Data-Driven Process Monitoring Methods for Industrial Data
Safe and stable operation plays an important role in the chemical industry. Fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) make it possible to identify abnormal process deviations early and assist operators in taking proper action against fault propagation. After decades of development, data-driven process monitoring technologies have gradually attracted attention from process industries. Although many promising FDD methods have been proposed from both academia and industry, challenges remain due to the complex characteristics of industrial data. In this work, classical and recent research on data-driven process monitoring methods is reviewed from the perspective of characterizing and mining industrial data. The implementation framework of data-driven process monitoring methods is first introduced. State of art process monitoring methods corresponding to common industrial data characteristics are then reviewed. Finally, the challenges and possible solutions for actual industrial applications are discussed. 
  • 1.5K
  • 21 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Microbial Production of C4 Dicarboxylic Acids
In addition to acetoin and 2,3-butanediol, another class of compounds that is readily derivable from biochemical conversions is C4 dicarboxylic acids; specifically, these are succinic (butanedioic acid), fumaric (trans-butenedioic acid), and malic (hydroxybutanedioic acid) acids. 
  • 1.4K
  • 19 May 2022
Topic Review
Microbiology of Syngas-to-Acetate Fermentation
Biotransformation of lignocellulose-derived synthetic gas (syngas) into acetic acid is a promising way of creating biochemicals from lignocellulosic waste materials. Acetic acid has a growing market with applications within food, plastics and for upgrading into a wide range of biofuels and bio-products. This text described mesophilic and thermophilic microorganisms in axenic and culture that have the capability of syngas-to-acetate conversion, including their metabolic pathway.
  • 1.4K
  • 19 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Pyrolysis of Biosolids to Produce Biochars
Biochar is a solid, charcoal material that can be used in different applications such as its use in agriculture as a soil enhancer in which moisture content is sustained for long periods of times. Biosolids or biosludges will refer to any form of sludge that has undergone some form of treatment (e.g., chemical, biological, heat treatment, etc.) in order to transform it into a less hazardous and organic form. More importantly, there seems to be an inconsistency in defining what classifies as biosolids, hence, a unified definition is established and provided. The aim is to enable the scientific community as a whole to use a standard definition that allows for synergies to take place. Specifically, the pyrolysis process is selected and is known as a thermochemical technique in which heat and an oxygen-free environment facilitate the decomposition of the feedstock into different products, depending on the operating parameters.
  • 1.4K
  • 14 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Crude Glycerol Upgrading
Crude glycerol is the main byproduct of biodiesel manufacturing from oleaginous crops and other biomass-derived oils. Approximately 10% crude glycerol is produced with every batch of biodiesel. Worldwide, there is a glut of glycerol and the price of it has decreased considerably. There are real opportunities for valorizing crude glycerol into higher value-added chemicals which can improve the economic viability of biodiesel production as an alternative fuel. Exploring new potential applications of glycerol in various sectors is needed such as in pharmaceuticals, food and beverages, cosmetics, and as a transportation fuel.
  • 1.4K
  • 24 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Leaching Chalcocite in Chloride Media
Chalcocite is the most abundant secondary copper sulfide globally, with the highest copper content, and is easily treated by conventional hydrometallurgical processes, making it a very profitable mineral for extraction. Among the various leaching processes to treat chalcocite, chloride media show better results and have a greater industrial boom. Chalcocite dissolution is a two-stage process, the second being much slower than the first. During the second stage, in the first instance, it is possible to oxidize the covellite in a wide range of chloride concentrations or redox potentials (up to 75% extraction of Cu). Subsequently, CuS2 is formed, which is to be oxidized. It is necessary to work at high concentrations of chloride (>2.5 mol/L) and/or increase the temperature to reach a redox potential of over 650 mV, which in turn decreases the thickness of the elemental sulfur layer on the mineral surface, facilitating chloride ions to generate a better porosity of this. 
  • 1.4K
  • 10 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Substrates for Food Safety Detection
Food safety analysis currently relies on the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography (GC), UV-visible spectrophotometry, and tandem mass spectrometry (MS), all of which require significant time to train qualified food safety testing laboratory operators. These factors have hindered the development of rapid food safety monitoring systems, especially in remote areas or areas with a relative lack of testing resources. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has emerged as one of the tools of choice for food safety testing that can overcome these dilemmas. SERS offers advantages over chromatographic mass spectrometry analysis due to its portability, non-destructive nature, and lower cost implications. However, as it currently stands, Raman spectroscopy is a supplemental tool in chemical analysis, reinforcing and enhancing the completeness and coverage of the food safety analysis system. SERS combines portability with non-destructive and cheaper detection costs to gain an advantage over chromatographic mass spectrometry analysis. 
  • 1.4K
  • 10 Jul 2023
Topic Review
A Practical Teaching Course of Protein Engineering
Proteins are the workhorses of the cell. With different combinations of the 20 common amino acids and some modifications of these amino acids, proteins have evolved with a staggering array of new functions and capabilities due to Protein Engineering techniques. The practical course presented was offered to undergraduate bioengineering and chemical students at the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto (Portugal) and consists of sequential laboratory sessions to learn the basic skills related to the expression and purification of recombinant proteins in bacterial hosts. These experiments were successfully applied by students as all working groups were able to isolate a model recombinant protein (the enhanced green fluorescent protein, eGFP) from a cell lysate containing a mixture of proteins and other biomolecules produced by an Escherichia coli strain and evaluate the performance of the extraction and purification procedures they learned.
  • 1.4K
  • 05 May 2022
Topic Review
Method for Management and Reducing Plastic Waste
Plastic waste generation has increased dramatically every day. Indiscriminate disposal of plastic wastes can lead to several negative impacts on the environment, such as a significant increase in greenhouse gas emissions and water pollution. Products from the pyrolysis process encompassing of liquid, gas, and solid residues (char) can be turned into beneficial products, as the liquid product can be used as a commercial fuel and char can function as an excellent adsorbent. The char produced from plastic wastes could be modified to enhance carbon dioxide (CO2) adsorption performance.
  • 1.4K
  • 26 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Hydrodynamics on Microbial Adhesion and Biofilm Formation
Studying microbial adhesion and biofilm growth is crucial for understanding the physiology of sessile organisms and forming the basis for the development of novel antimicrobial materials. Fluid hydrodynamics is one of the most important factors affecting cell adhesion, as well as biofilm structure and behavior. Therefore, to simulate the relevant biofilms of different fields (environment, industry, and medicine) in the laboratory, it is of utmost importance to select an adequate biofilm platform and be able to operate it at hydrodynamic conditions that are as close as possible to those encountered in a real scenario.
  • 1.4K
  • 21 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Sulfide Solid-State Electrolytes
Sulfide solid-state electrolytes are particularly promising for the development of high-energy all-solid-state Li metal batteries because of their high ionic conductivity and deformability. However, their unstable interface and interphase formation with electrode materials remain a great challenge.
  • 1.4K
  • 16 Aug 2021
Topic Review
RDF Fire Hazards Mitigation
Experience has shown that power station conversions to a new fuel using the same materials handling methods and equipment, designed for the previous or original intended fuel, without a proper fire engineering re-evaluation of plant suitability (for the properties and behaviors of the new fuel) is not a safe option. Many times, the detection and suppression equipment is presumed adequate, whereas a complete technical evaluation is required. Given that RDF fires are extremely difficult to extinguish it should be remembered that fires could last for days or even weeks. Additionally, given the correct circumstances, the effluent from RDF smoldering fires within a pile can lead to explosion(s), possibly causing severe injuries and even the loss of life. In addition, there are also business considerations due to the subsequent severe interruptions, not forgetting the importance of the security of electricity supply. The difficulties of RDF fire hazards mitigation begin with the notoriously problematic factor of discovery of a fire within the storage pile; they then, more often than not, continue throughout the entire fire-fighting operations process.
  • 1.4K
  • 23 Nov 2021
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
All-Liquid Metal Battery
A secondary battery (accumulator) employing molten metals or molten metal alloys as active masses at both electrodes and a molten salt as electrolyte in between is called an all-liquid-metal accumulator battery (LMB). Separation of the electrodes and the liquid electrolyte based on segregation caused by different densities and immiscibility of the materials is a characteristic feature. High coulometric storage capabilities of the molten-metal electrodes combined with the relatively low cell voltage and the high stability of the system and the operational principle yield a secondary battery suitable for grid applications and, in particular, for power-quality management and large-scale stationary storage. 
  • 1.4K
  • 04 Feb 2024
Topic Review
High-Frequency Ultrasound Technology for Biofuel Production
High-frequency ultrasound (HFU) is an ultrasound technology with a frequency higher than 1000 kHz. It has become increasingly recognized as an emerging process intensification technology in various fields, such as biofuel production, carbon dioxide absorption, and wastewater treatment. HFU is seen as a potential intensifier technology for biofuel production, as its mechanisms, such as cavitational phenomena, microstreaming, and fountain formation, can benefit biofuel production.
  • 1.4K
  • 06 May 2023
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