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Topic Review
The Cardiac Sodium Channel
The upstroke phase of the cardiac action potential (AP) is mainly coordinated by cardiac sodium channels, which are immediately activated and generate a fast Na+ inward current, through the membrane, after membrane depolarization. In atrial and ventricular myocytes, the sodium current (INa) is principally governed by cardiac voltage-gated sodium channel 1.5 (Nav1.5) with a tinny contribution of NaV1.8. The human Nav1.5 channel is composed of a pore-forming α-subunit (227-kDa) and one or more auxiliary β-subunit (30-kDa).
  • 2.0K
  • 10 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Social Construction of Adolescence and Social networking Sites
Social networking sites (SNS) allow adolescents to post online representations of themselves and exert symbolic (content) and practical (access) control over their online presence. This empowerment in socialization and relation-building capacity has made SNS increasingly popular among adolescents worldwide.
  • 2.0K
  • 24 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Impulsivity
In psychology, impulsivity (or impulsiveness) is a tendency to act on a whim, displaying behavior characterized by little or no forethought, reflection, or consideration of the consequences. Impulsive actions are typically "poorly conceived, prematurely expressed, unduly risky, or inappropriate to the situation that often result in undesirable consequences," which imperil long-term goals and strategies for success. Impulsivity can be classified as a multifactorial construct. A functional variety of impulsivity has also been suggested, which involves action without much forethought in appropriate situations that can and does result in desirable consequences. "When such actions have positive outcomes, they tend not to be seen as signs of impulsivity, but as indicators of boldness, quickness, spontaneity, courageousness, or unconventionality" Thus, the construct of impulsivity includes at least two independent components: first, acting without an appropriate amount of deliberation, which may or may not be functional; and second, choosing short-term gains over long-term ones. Impulsivity is both a facet of personality and a major component of various disorders, including ADHD, substance use disorders, bipolar disorder, antisocial personality disorder, and borderline personality disorder. Abnormal patterns of impulsivity have also been noted instances of acquired brain injury and neurodegenerative diseases. Neurobiological findings suggest that there are specific brain regions involved in impulsive behavior, although different brain networks may contribute to different manifestations of impulsivity, and that genetics may play a role. Many actions contain both impulsive and compulsive features, but impulsivity and compulsivity are functionally distinct. Impulsivity and compulsivity are interrelated in that each exhibits a tendency to act prematurely or without considered thought and often include negative outcomes. Compulsivity may be on a continuum with compulsivity on one end and impulsivity on the other, but research has been contradictory on this point. Compulsivity occurs in response to a perceived risk or threat, impulsivity occurs in response to a perceived immediate gain or benefit, and, whereas compulsivity involves repetitive actions, impulsivity involves unplanned reactions. Impulsivity is a common feature of the conditions of gambling and alcohol addiction. Research has shown that individuals with either of these addictions discount delayed money at higher rates than those without, and that the presence of gambling and alcohol abuse lead to additive effects on discounting.
  • 2.0K
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Advantages of Nanofertilizers over the Traditional Chemical Fertilizers
The microflora of the soil is adversely affected by chemical fertilizers. Excessive use of chemical fertilizers has increased crop yield dramatically at the cost of soil vigor. The pH of the soil is temporarily changed by chemical fertilizers, which kill the beneficial soil microflora and can cause absorption stress on crop plants. This leads to higher dosages during the application, causing groundwater leaching and environmental toxicity. Nanofertilizers (NFs) reduce the quantity of fertilizer needed in agriculture, enhance nutrient uptake efficiency, and decrease fertilizer loss due to runoff and leaching. Moreover, NFs can be used for soil or foliar applications and have shown promising results in a variety of plant species. The main constituents of nanomaterials are micro- and macronutrient precursors and their properties at the nanoscale.
  • 2.0K
  • 21 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Wild Boar Carcass Characteristics and Meat Quality
Globally, wild boar is a primary food resource, mostly for remote rural communities outside of large urban centers located in Latin America, Asia, and Africa. In Chile, the production of meat from European wild boar (Sus scrofa L.) is expanding together with the export of this “exotic” meat. Furthermore, in the Finno-Scandinavian peninsula, and central and Mediterranean Europe, wild boar (Sus scrofa) and other game species meat (reindeer, red deer, roe deer, fallow deer, moose, and chamois) can be found in local restaurants and fairs, indicating an already consolidated gastronomic interest in this type of meat.
  • 2.0K
  • 24 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Current Animal Production Systems from Napier Grass
Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach) supports a significant proportion of animal production in subtropical and tropical regions, but its quality is low and when offered alone, results in low ruminant production. Shifting the management of Napier grass towards a higher-quality feed increased milk yield and liveweight gain for small, mature cattle without supplementation. 
  • 2.0K
  • 20 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Brown Hyena
The Brown Hyena (Parahyaena brunnea) is a fascinating and elusive species found primarily in southern Africa's arid and semi-arid regions. Distinguished by its shaggy brown coat and robust build, this carnivore occupies a unique ecological niche as a scavenger and occasional hunter, feeding on a diverse range of prey items, carrion, and plant matter. Despite its solitary and nocturnal nature, the Brown Hyena plays a crucial role in ecosystem dynamics and is of cultural significance to local communities across its range.
  • 2.0K
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Indium-Mediated Allylation
Indium-Mediated Allylations (IMAs) are important chemical reactions for the formation of carbon–carbon bonds. This reaction has two steps: first, indium inserts itself between the carbon–halogen bond of an allyl halide, becoming the organoindium intermediate; second, this allyl indide intermediate reacts with an electrophile to synthesize one of a wide range of compounds, such as carbohydrates and antihelminthic drugs. This reaction is depicted in the scheme below: Although this reaction occurs in two steps, it is commonly done as a Barbier reaction where the indium, allyl halide, and electrophile are all mixed together in a one-pot process. Indium reacts more readily than other metals, such as Mg, Pb, Bi, or Zn and does not require a promoter or flammable organic solvent to drive the reaction. IMAs have advantages over other carbon bond forming reactions because of their ability to be carried out in water, which is cheap and environmentally friendly. Therefore, these reactions represent Green chemistry, providing a safer alternative to the very common Grignard reaction, performed with Mg. Reactions yield high stereo- and regio-selectivity with few by-products making it easy to purify the desired product.
  • 2.0K
  • 02 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Mangrove Streptomycetes with Anticancer Activity
Worldwide cancer incidence and mortality have always been a concern to the community. The cancer mortality rate has generally declined over the years; however, there is still an increased mortality rate in poorer countries that receives considerable attention from healthcare professionals. This suggested the importance of the prompt detection, effective treatment, and prevention strategies. The genus Streptomyces has been documented as a prolific producer of biologically active secondary metabolites. Streptomycetes from mangrove environments attract researchers’ attention due to their ability to synthesize diverse, interesting bioactive metabolites. The present entry highlights research on mangrove-derived streptomycetes and the production of anticancer-related compounds from these microorganisms. Research studies conducted between 2008 and 2019, specifically mentioning the isolation of streptomycetes from mangrove areas and described the successful purification of compound(s) or generation of crude extracts with cytotoxic activity against human cancer cell lines, were compiled in this entry. It is anticipated that there will be an increase in prospects for mangrove-derived streptomycetes as one of the natural resources for the isolation of chemotherapeutic agents. 
  • 2.0K
  • 09 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Lignin as Fermentation Substrate
Lignin is the most abundant material, and it can be used to produce value-added products such as lignin-modifying enzymes (LMEs), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), microbial lipids, vanillin, muconic acid, and many others.
  • 2.0K
  • 28 May 2021
Topic Review
Multi-Omics Model for Cancer Genetics
In the coming age of omics technologies, next gen sequencing, proteomics, metabolomics, and other high throughput techniques will become the usual tools in biomedical cancer research. However, their integrative approach is not trivial due to the broad diversity of data types, dynamic ranges and sources of experimental and analytical errors characteristic of each omics.
  • 2.0K
  • 02 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Business Simulation Games Analysis
The search for the best academic training of its students, increasingly aligned with the needs of organizations, has led educational institutions to use support tools in the development and improvement of knowledge, skills, and competencies. Therefore, technology in education is becoming increasingly relevant, and many institutions have been increasing their virtual education strategies due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, the importance of a deeper scientific look at the possible contributions of the Business Simulation Games (BSG) emerges. The few types of research related to the design of BSG, mainly associated with the user experience, point out the need for contributions from other studies. In this sense, the approximation results from investigations with Serious Games can provide relevant insights into the theme. They are active learning tools that present similar didactic principles of demonstrative, activity, accessibility, a combination of theory and practice, scientific character, and involvement, to develop skills and knowledge for its users.
  • 2.0K
  • 03 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Light-Based Removal of Emerging Contaminants
Contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) are currently an unregulated class of contaminants with increasing global presence and awareness. However, the management of CECs in water bodies is particularly challenging due to the difficulty in detection and their recalcitrant degradation by conventional means. Light-based oxidation processes are viable options for such application. Light-driven oxidation processes use light as an irradiation source to generate oxidative species for the degradation of emerging contaminants. The key few technologies available are discussed in the review article: photo/Fenton, photocatalysis, photolysis, UV/Ozone. Herein, a cost–benefit analysis on various light-based processes was conducted to access the suitability for CECs degradation. It was found that the UV/Ozone process might not be suitable due to the complication with pH adjustments and limited light wavelength. It was found that EEO values were in this sequence: UV only > UV/combination > photocatalyst > UV/O3 > UV/Fenton > solar/Fenton. The solar/Fenton process has the least computed EEO < 5 kWh m−3 and great potential for further development. Newer innovations such as solar/catalyst can also be explored with potentially lower EEO values. Light-based processes could also be used to detect  CECs in surface water. Hence forming the 2 pronged approach for CEC management.
  • 2.0K
  • 06 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Chlorella vulgaris Biomass
Chlorella vulgaris biomass means the biomass made of Chlorella vulgaris, which is a kind of microalgae. Under appropriate conditions, microalgae convert solar energy into chemical energy stored as starch or lipids, which are precursors for bioethanol and biodiesel production. Given the higher photosynthetic efficiency, higher biomass production per unit area and faster growth rate compared to energy crops, microalgae are good alternative as feedstock for biofuel production. An additional advantage of microalgae is the lack of competition for nutrients with food crops. Furthermore, biomass production can be located on marginal lands. The negative environmental impact associated with the cultivation of microalgae for energy purposes is described as potentially negligible.
  • 2.0K
  • 10 Sep 2021
Topic Review
IBM App Connect Enterprise
IBM App Connect Enterprise (abbreviated as IBM ACE, formerly known as IBM Integration Bus or WebSphere Message Broker) is IBM's integration broker from the WebSphere product family that allows business information to flow between disparate applications across multiple hardware and software platforms. Rules can be applied to the data flowing through the message broker to route and transform the information. The product is an Enterprise Service Bus supplying a communication channel between applications and services in a service-oriented architecture. IBM ACE provides capabilities to build solutions needed to support diverse integration requirements through a set of connectors to a range of data sources, including packaged applications, files, mobile devices, messaging systems, and databases. A benefit of using IBM ACE is that the tool enables existing applications for Web Services without costly legacy application rewrites. ACE avoids the point-to-point strain on development resources by connecting any application or service over multiple protocols, including SOAP, HTTP and JMS. Modern secure authentication mechanisms, including the ability to perform actions on behalf of masquerading or delegate users, through MQ, HTTP and SOAP nodes are supported such as LDAP, X-AUTH, O-AUTH, and two-way SSL. A major focus of IBM ACE in its latest release is the capability of the product's runtime to be fully hosted in a cloud. Hosting the runtime in the cloud provides certain advantages and potential cost savings compared to hosting the runtime on premises as it simplifies the maintenance and application of OS-level patches which can sometimes be disruptive to business continuity. Also, cloud hosting of IBM ACE runtime allows easy expansion of capacity by adding more horsepower to the CPU configuration of a cloud environment or by adding additional nodes in an Active-Active configuration. Another advantage of maintaining ACE runtimes in the cloud is the ability to configure access to your ACE functionality separate and apart from your internal network using DataPower or API Connect devices. This allows people or services on the public internet to access your Enterprise Service Bus without passing through your internal network, which can be a more secure configuration than if your ESB was deployed to your internal on premises network. IBM ACE embeds a Common Language Runtime to invoke any .NET logic as part of an integration. It also includes full support for the Visual Studio development environment, including the integrated debugger and code templates. IBM Integration Bus includes a comprehensive set of patterns and samples that demonstrate bi-directional connectivity with both Microsoft Dynamics CRM and MSMQ. Several improvements have been made to this current release, among them the ability to configure runtime parameters using a property file that is part of the deployed artifacts contained in the BAR ('broker archive') file. Previously, the only way to configure runtime parameters was to run an MQSI command on the command line. This new way of configuration is referred to as a policy document and can be created with the new Policy Editor. Policy documents can be stored in a source code control system and a different policy can exist for different environments (DEV, INT, QA, PROD). IBM ACE is compatible with several virtualization platforms right out-of-the-box, Docker being a prime example. With ACE, you can download from the global Docker repository a runtime of IBM ACE and run it locally. Because ACE has its administrative console built right into the runtime, once the Docker image is active on your local, you can do all the configuration and administration commands needed to fully activate any message flow or deploy any BAR file. In fact, you can construct message flows that are microservices and package these microservices into a Docker deployable object directly. Because message flows and BAR files can contain Policy files, this node configuration can be automatic and no or little human intervention is needed to complete the application deployment.
  • 2.0K
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Nitrogen Containing Heterocycles
Cancer is one of the major healthcare challenges across the globe. Several anticancer drugs are available on the market but they either lack specificity or have poor safety, severe side effects, and suffer from resistance. So, there is a dire need to develop safer and target-specific anticancer drugs. More than 85% of all physiologically active pharmaceuticals are heterocycles or contain at least one heteroatom. Nitrogen heterocycles constituting the most common heterocyclic framework.
  • 2.0K
  • 02 Mar 2023
Topic Review
High-Yield Production of Mycosporine-like Amino Acids
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation reaching the Earth’s surface is a major societal concern, and therefore, there is a significant consumer demand for cosmetics formulated to mitigate the harmful effects of UV radiation. Synthetic sunscreens being formulated to block UV penetration include inorganic metal oxide particles and organic filters. Lately, organic UV-absorbing compounds are manufactured from non-renewable petrochemicals and, as a result, there is a need to develop a sustainable manufacturing process for efficient, high-level production of a naturally occurring group of UV-absorbing compounds, namely mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs), for use as a sunscreen additive to skincare products.
  • 2.0K
  • 26 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Homosociality
Homosociality refers to the tendency for individuals to form social bonds and affiliations primarily with others of the same gender. This phenomenon is characterized by the preference for same-gender relationships in social interaction, affiliation, and bonding, often resulting in the formation of gender-segregated social networks and communities. Homosociality plays a significant role in shaping interpersonal relationships, group dynamics, and socialization processes within various contexts, including workplaces, educational settings, and leisure activities.
  • 2.0K
  • 08 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Self-Sustainable Greenhouse Agriculture
It is now time for the future-generation and advanced greenhouse design practices to address a range of issues, from the energy and land use efficiency to providing plant-optimised growth techniques. In this Encyclopaedia record, we report on the practical development of spectrally selective and specialist-type  advanced metal-dielectric thin-film filters that produce the optimized illumination spectrum when exposed to natural sunlight that can help maximize the biomass productivity of coated-glass greenhouse crops. Our experimental case study has been performed for the lettuce species, Lactuca sativa, L., yielding promising results.
  • 2.0K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
D2 Dopamine Receptor (D2-R)
The type 2 dopamine receptor D2 (D2-R), member of the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily, exists in two isoforms, short (D2S-R) and long (D2L-R). They differ by an additional 29 amino acids (AA) in the third cytoplasmic loop (ICL3) of the D2L-R. These isoforms differ in their intracellular localization and trafficking functionality, as D2L-R possesses a larger intracellular pool, mostly in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). 
  • 2.0K
  • 26 Oct 2020
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