Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Mechanisms of Neutrophil Activation
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are major contributors to inflammation and autoimmunity, playing a key role in the development of thrombotic disorders. NETs, composed of DNA, histones, and numerous other proteins serve as scaffolds for thrombus formation and promote platelet activation, coagulation, and endothelial dysfunction.
  • 1.2K
  • 03 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Recombinant Anticancer Peptides
Cationic peptides have high aptitudes to interact with cancer cells, especially multidrug resistance (MDR) cells. This interaction occurs due to the more negative charge of the membrane of cancer cells compared to normal cells. Recent studies have shown the application of cationic peptides in cancer therapy minimized the side effects of chemotherapy on normal cells. The main limitation of developing the cationic peptides for practical applications is the high cost of automated chemical production. For that reason, it is important to develop a cost-effective method for the production of mass quantities of biologically active peptides.
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
RAB11-Mediated Trafficking and Human Cancers
RAB11 isoforms function as membrane organizers connecting the transport of cargoes towards the plasma membrane with the assembly of autophagic precursors and the generation of cellular protrusions. These processes dramatically impact normal cell physiology and their alteration significantly affects the survival, progression and metastatization as well as the accumulation of toxic materials of cancer cells. 
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Jan 2021
Topic Review
RNA Modifications and RNA Metabolism in Neurological Disease
The intrinsic cellular heterogeneity and molecular complexity of the mammalian nervous system relies substantially on the dynamic nature and spatiotemporal patterning of gene expression. These features of gene expression are achieved in part through mechanisms involving various epigenetic processes such as DNA methylation, post-translational histone modifications, and non-coding RNA activity, amongst others. In concert, another regulatory layer by which RNA bases and sugar residues are chemically modified enhances neuronal transcriptome complexity. Similar RNA modifications in other systems collectively constitute the cellular epitranscriptome that integrates and impacts various physiological processes. The epitranscriptome is dynamic and is reshaped constantly to regulate vital processes such as development, differentiation and stress responses. Perturbations of the epitranscriptome can lead to various pathogenic conditions, including cancer, cardiovascular abnormalities and neurological diseases. These RNA modifications modulate the stability, transport and, most importantly, translation of RNA.
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Potential of microRNAs to Attenuate Diabetic Kidney Disease
Diabetic Kidney Disease (DKD) is a significant complication of diabetes and primary cause of end-stage renal disease globally. The exact mechanisms underlying DKD remain poorly understood, but multiple factors, including the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS), play a key role in its progression. Aldosterone, a mineralocorticoid steroid hormone, is one of the key components of RAAS and a potential mediator of renal damage and inflammation in DKD. miRNAs, small noncoding RNA molecules, have attracted interest due to their regulatory roles in numerous biological processes. These processes include aldosterone signaling and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) expression. Numerous miRNAs have been recognized as crucial regulators of aldosterone signaling and MR expression. These miRNAs affect different aspects of the RAAS pathway and subsequent molecular processes, which impact sodium balance, ion transport, and fibrosis regulation.
  • 1.2K
  • 17 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Naringenin
Naringenin, a natural flavanone, was first identified from extracts of the dormant peach (Prunus persica) flower buds, with the chemical name of 5,7,4′-trihydroxyflavanone.
  • 1.2K
  • 25 Dec 2020
Topic Review
The Bile Salt Export Pump
The bile salt export pump (BSEP/ABCB11) is responsible for the transport of bile salts from hepatocytes into bile canaliculi. Malfunction of this transporter results in progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 2 (PFIC2), benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis type 2 (BRIC2) and intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP). 
  • 1.2K
  • 10 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Role of PARP in TNBC
Triple-negative breast cancer is a combative cancer type with a highly inflated histological grade that leads to poor theragnostic value. Gene, protein, and receptor-specific targets have shown effective clinical outcomes in patients with TNBC. Cells are frequently exposed to DNA-damaging agents. DNA damage is repaired by multiple pathways; accumulations of mutations occur due to damage to one or more pathways and lead to alterations in normal cellular mechanisms, which lead to development of tumors. Advances in target-specific cancer therapies have shown significant momentum; most treatment options cause off-target toxicity and side effects on healthy tissues. PARP (poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase) is a major protein and is involved in DNA repair pathways, base excision repair (BER) mechanisms, homologous recombination (HR), and nonhomologous end-joining (NEJ) deficiency-based repair mechanisms. DNA damage repair deficits cause an increased risk of tumor formation. Inhibitors of PARP favorably kill cancer cells in BRCA-mutations. For a few years, PARPi has shown promising activity as a chemotherapeutic agent in BRCA1- or BRCA2-associated breast cancers, and in combination with chemotherapy in triple-negative breast cancer.
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Oct 2021
Topic Review
PROteolysis TArgeting Chimeras-Based Antiviral Strategies
The PROteolysis TArgeting Chimeras (PROTAC), a technology for targeted protein degradation, relies on using heterobifunctional molecules to recruit intracellular protein degradation machinery to the intracellular target protein of interest. This chemically-induced proximity between protein degradation machinery and the target POI results in polyubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation of the target protein. Despite the field of PROTAC technology being relatively new, PROTACs have found wide applications not just as a technical tool but also as a therapeutic approach for infectious and non-infectious diseases, including cancer and neurodegenerative diseases.
  • 1.2K
  • 10 May 2023
Topic Review
Long Non-Coding RNAs in Cardiovascular Diseases
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death worldwide. It is estimated that approximately 18.5 million people die annually on account of these diseases, with a third of these people dying under the age of 70 years. Identifying those most affected by CVDs and ensuring they receive the appropriate treatment can prevent premature deaths. Furthermore, the development of new therapeutic strategies and biomarkers with the potential to predict the progression of CVDs is fundamental to reducing mortality worldwide. CVDs can be defined as disorders that affect the heart or blood vessels such as heart failure, coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral arterial disease, and congenital heart disease.
  • 1.2K
  • 30 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Lipids in Atherosclerosis
The role of lipids is essential in any phase of the atherosclerotic process, which is considered a chronic lipid-related and inflammatory condition. The traditional lipid profile (including the evaluation of total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein, and low-density lipoprotein) is a well-established tool to assess the risk of atherosclerosis and as such has been widely used as a pillar of cardiovascular disease prevention and as a target of pharmacological treatments in clinical practice over the last decades.
  • 1.2K
  • 30 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Fluorescent Protein-Based Metal Biosensors
Fluorescent proteins (FPs) are optical probes that are used to track the functions of genetically encoded target molecules in molecular and cellular biology. FPs have intrinsic photophysical properties generated by the chromophore and its surrounding amino acid sequences. The intensity of the fluorescence emission of FPs can be changed using external factors such as pH or metal ions.
  • 1.2K
  • 21 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Tricyclodecan-9-yl-Xanthogenate (D609)
Tricyclodecan-9-yl xanthogenate (D609) is a synthetic tricyclic compound possessing a xanthate group. This xanthogenate compound is known for its diverse pharmacological properties. Over the last three decades, many studies have reported the biological activities of D609, including antioxidant, antiapoptotic, anticholinergic, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-proliferative, and neuroprotective activities.
  • 1.2K
  • 06 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Silk Fibroin-Based Therapeutics
Silk fibroin, the fibrous structural-protein component in silk, has emerged as a promising treatment for these impaired processes by promoting functional tissue regeneration. Silk fibroin’s dynamic properties allow for customizable nanoarchitectures, which can be tailored for effectively treating several wound healing impairments. Different forms of silk fibroin include nanoparticles, biosensors, tissue scaffolds, wound dressings, and novel drug-delivery systems. Silk fibroin can be combined with other biomaterials, such as chitosan or microRNA-bound cerium oxide nanoparticles (CNP), to have a synergistic effect on improving impaired wound healing.
  • 1.2K
  • 01 Apr 2022
Topic Review
CYP21A2 Deficiency
Deficiency of 21-hydroxylase enzyme (CYP21A2) represents 90% of cases in congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), an autosomal recessive disease caused by defects in cortisol biosynthesis. Computational prediction and functional studies are often the only way to classify variants to understand the links to disease-causing effects.
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Role of Neuroinflammation on Migraine
Neurogenic inflammation in migraine is mainly characterized by the release of neuropeptides such as CGRP and substance P from the trigeminal nerve, leading to arterial vasodilation, plasma protein extravasation, and mast cell degranulation. The involvement of these neuropeptides in migraine is evident, and pro-inflammatory cytokines or chemokines may be involved in this series of reactions.
  • 1.2K
  • 26 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Natural Products against DDP-Induced Apoptosis
Cisplatin (cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II), DDP) is an antineoplastic agent widely used in the treatment of solid tumors because of its extensive cytotoxic activity. However, the main limiting side effect of DDP use is nephrotoxicity, a rapid deterioration in kidney function due to toxic chemicals. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), a class of epigenetic processes, are molecules that regulate gene expression under physiological and pathological conditions. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are the most characterized class of ncRNAs and are engaged in many cellular processes. DDP-induced nephrotoxicity can present in a several ways, but the most common and serious presentation is acute kidney injury (AKI), which occurs in 20–30% of patients.
  • 1.2K
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicles in Neurogenic Niches
Adult neurogenesis, involving the generation of functional neurons from adult neural stem cells (NSCs), occurs constitutively in discrete brain regions such as hippocampus, sub-ventricular zone (SVZ) and hypothalamus. The intrinsic structural plasticity of the neurogenic process allows the adult brain to face the continuously changing external and internal environment and requires coordinated interplay between all cell types within the specialized microenvironment of the neurogenic niche. NSC-, neuronal- and glia-derived factors, originating locally, regulate the balance between quiescence and self-renewal of NSC, their differentiation programs and the survival and integration of newborn cells. Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) are emerging as important mediators of cell-to-cell communication, representing an efficient way to transfer the biologically active cargos (nucleic acids, proteins, lipids) by which they modulate the function of the recipient cells. At present, little is known on the physiological role of EVs in neurogenic niches. 
  • 1.2K
  • 02 Jan 2021
Topic Review
SNARE Genes in Brassica napus
SNAREs (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors) are central components that drive membrane fusion events during exocytosis and endocytosis and play important roles in the different biological processes of plants.
  • 1.2K
  • 05 May 2022
Topic Review
Oxytocin-System
Oxytocin (OXT) is  hypothalamic neuropeptide synthetized in the brain by magnocellular and parvo cellular neurons of the paraventricular, supraoptic and accessory nuclei of the hypothalamus. OXT acts in central and peripheral nervous system via G-protein-coupled receptors. The classical physiological functions of OXT are uterine contractions, the milk ejection reflex during lactation, penile erection and sexual arousal, but recent studies have demonstrated that OXT may has anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties and regulates the immune and anti-inflammatory responses. In the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases, microglia are present in active form and release high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines,  that are implicated in the process of neural injury.  A promising treatment for neurodegenerative diseases involves new therapeutic approaches targeting activated microglia. Recent studies have reported that OXT exerts neuroprotective effects through inhibition of production of pro-inflammatory mediators, and in development of correct neural circuitry. The focus of this review is to attribute a new important role of OXT in neuroprotection through microglia-OXT interaction of immature and adult brain. In  addition, we also analyzed the strategies that could enhance its delivery in the brain to amplificated its positive effects .  
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Sep 2021
  • Page
  • of
  • 133
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback