Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Development of Plant Protection Methods
Over thousands of years, the history of human survival and development has been accompanied by the struggle against plant pests, among which plant target recognition, plant protection methods and plant protection machinery constitute the three elements of plant protection. Plant protection practices have been enriched around the world.  Six types of plant protection methods have been developed, including the agricultural method, the physical method, the biological method, the chemical method, plant quarantine and integrated pest management (IPM).
  • 2.1K
  • 27 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Technologies for Polysaccharide Extraction from Marine Brown Algae
Brown algae are a rich source of bioactive molecules such as proteins, amino acids, polysaccharides, fatty acids, vitamins, minerals, dietary fibre, sterols, pigments, polyphenols etc. which possess a broad spectrum of biological activities (anticoagulant, antithrombotic, anti-viral, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial). These compounds therefore provide high potential for the application of brown algae extracts in the treatment of arteriosclerosis, rheumatic processes, hypertension, goitre, asthma, ulcers, menstrual disorders, syphilis, skin diseases etc. The extraction process of these polysaccharides includes several complex and time-consuming steps and the correct adjustment of extraction parameters (e.g., time, temperature, power, pressure, solvent and sample to solvent ratio) greatly influences the yield, physical, chemical and biochemical properties as well as their biological activities.
  • 2.1K
  • 14 Jan 2022
Topic Review
2008–09 Belgian Financial Crisis
The 2008–09 Belgian financial crisis is a major financial crisis that hit Belgium from mid-2008 onwards. Two of the country's largest banks – Fortis and Dexia – started to face severe problems, exacerbated by the financial problems hitting other banks around the world. The value of their stocks plunged. The government managed the situation by bailouts, selling off or nationalizing banks, providing bank guarantees and extending the deposit insurance. Eventually Fortis was split into two parts. The Dutch part was nationalized, while the Belgian part was sold to the French bank BNP Paribas. Dexia group was dismantled, Dexia Bank Belgium was nationalized.
  • 2.1K
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Chemistry, Occurrence, Properties of Carotenoids
Carotenoids are natural lipophilic pigments and antioxidants that are present in many fruits and vegetables. The consumption of carotenoids is correlated with positive health effects and a decreased risk of several chronic diseases. Provitamin A carotenoids (β-carotene, α-carotene, γ-carotene, and β-cryptoxanthin) are essential for the development and maintenance of sight. β-carotene, α-carotene, zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, lutein, and lycopene have high antioxidant activity and promote free radical scavenging, which helps protect against chronic diseases.
  • 2.1K
  • 06 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Lexicographical Order
In mathematics, the lexicographic or lexicographical order (also known as lexical order, dictionary order, alphabetical order or lexicographic(al) product) is a generalization of the way words are alphabetically ordered based on the alphabetical order of their component letters. This generalization consists primarily in defining a total order on the sequences (often called strings in computer science) of elements of a finite totally ordered set, often called an alphabet. There are several variants and generalizations of the lexicographical ordering. One variant widely used in combinatorics orders subsets of a given finite set by assigning a total order to the finite set, and converting subsets into increasing sequences, to which the lexicographical order is applied. Another generalization defines an order on a Cartesian product of partially ordered sets; this order is a total order if and only if the factors of the Cartesian product are totally ordered.
  • 2.1K
  • 16 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Quadruple Flutes of Teotihuacan
The Teotihuacan quadruple flutes are among the most elaborate ceramic fipple flute instruments documented for Mesoamerica.
  • 2.1K
  • 25 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Electrochemical Aptasensors
Over the last few decades, aptamers have attracted a lot of interest in the biosensor industry, because they are the next generation of target receptors that can replace antibody functions. SELEX is an automated procedure and needs only a few days to evolve some binders. This is much shorter compared to antibody selection, which often requires several months. Aptamers can even differentiate the chirality of a molecule and its secondary structure. Aptamers can choose any types of targets with no restrictions. The antibodies undergo permanent degradation, while aptamers can undergo several cycles of denaturation/regeneration. DNA aptamers are acceptable for the design of reusable aptamer detectors, while RNA aptamers can be single-dimensional. The use of aptamers is not limited to specific areas and can be used as recognition molecules in almost any domain. The main limitation is the degradation of RNAs aptamer by ribonuclease. These problems can be solved by modifying RNA aptamers. Another limitation is that the microenvironment will affect the structure of the aptamer and the interactions with the ligand-target. Moreover, the composition of salts has a significant effect on aptamer configuration. The integration of aptamers into detection platforms such as microfluidics and paper-based analytical devices and lab-on-a-chip (LOC) areas for point-of-care (POC) diagnosis is becoming increasingly popular. Aptamer-based detection systems meet most POC diagnostic requirements.
  • 2.1K
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Thiol-and Disulfide-Based Stimulus-Responsive Soft Materials
Thiols (RSH) and disulfides (RSSR) are components of many proteins, biopolymers, and biomolecules.  Many can be interconverted by simple oxidation and reduction reactions that change drastically their properties and those of host molecules of which they are a part.
  • 2.1K
  • 11 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum (Fon) is the causative agent of Fusarium wilt disease of watermelon; it is the most serious soil-borne pathogen around the globe. 
  • 2.1K
  • 29 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Thermally Conductive Adhesive in Electronic Packaging
The application of epoxy adhesive is widespread in electronic packaging. Epoxy adhesives can be integrated with various types of nanoparticles for enhancing thermal conductivity. The joints with thermally conductive adhesive (TCA) are preferred for research and advances in thermal management. The rapid advancement of microelectronic technology has resulted in the progressive transformation of electronic components from isolated to highly integrated. It produces a lot of heat while they are functioning. The materials and structures used to attach the semiconductor chip to other electronic components involve the sector of electronic packaging. Conductive adhesives represent a significant advancement in electronic packaging for advanced devices, where effective heat dissipation and enough electrical conductivity are critical. The TCA joint is a crucial choice for the thermal management of the device. The advances in TCA are essential because of future demands for inexpensive and handy electronic devices. The adhesive applications have become more important due to their remarkable versatility and unparalleled compatibility. The electronic industry has indeed developed, especially in consumer electronics, which depends on conductive adhesives. It would not be possible to identify the most modern electronic devices without conductive adhesives.
  • 2.1K
  • 11 Oct 2021
Topic Review
E-Tongues/Noses Based on Conducting Polymers and Composite Materials
Intrinsic conducting polymers (CPs) have excellent electrochemical characteristics, such as tailored electrical conductivity by electronic doping, high environmental stability, and biocompatibility. This entry intend to overview the use of conducting polymers (CPs), extensively studied due to their high versatility and electrical properties, as chemical sensor arrays in electronic tongues and noses. Their performance in terms of sensitivity and other parameters will be studied based on the characteristic features of common conducting polymers, such as electrical conductivity and nanostructured morphology. Furthermore, the application of electronic devices in commercial prototypes will also be included here.
  • 2.1K
  • 05 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Effects of Carpets on Indoor Air Quality
Interest in having a healthy and well-being environment has increased the awareness to improve indoor air quality (IAQ). Building materials influence the contribution of indoor air pollution, so understanding their behaviour on IAQ is essential. Among building materials, carpets cover surfaces of indoor environments and significantly impact IAQ due to their large surface area and multi-layers of materials components.
  • 2.1K
  • 10 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Mitochondria in WAT and BAT
Adipose tissue (AT) dysregulation is a key process in the pathophysiology of obesity and its cardiometabolic complications. Mitochondria are cytoplasmic organelles that play a critical role in the energy metabolism of all eukaryotic cells and generate energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). 
  • 2.1K
  • 14 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Cisplatin induced Acute Kidney Injury
Administration of the chemotherapeutic agent cisplatin leads to acute kidney injury (AKI). Cisplatin-induced AKI (CIAKI) has a complex pathophysiological map, which has been linked to cellular uptake and efflux, apoptosis, vascular injury, oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress, and inflammation. Despite research efforts, pharmaceutical interventions, and clinical trials spanning over several decades, a consistent and stable pharmacological treatment option to reduce AKI in patients receiving cisplatin remains unavailable. This has been predominately linked to the incomplete understanding of CIAKI pathophysiology and molecular mechanisms involved.
  • 2.1K
  • 21 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Reactive Species on Amino Acids
Reactive oxygen species ROS can be triggered by exogenous sources (tobacco, pollution, xenobiotics, drugs, ionizing radiation and so on), but they can also be generated inside the cell by two different mechanisms: enzymatic and non-enzymatic; in both cases, they can have irreversible effects on animal and plant cells and tissues. The superoxide anion •O2− is unstable and cannot pass through membranes, but is rapidly converted to hydrogen peroxide H2O2 and it is membrane-permeable. In the Fenton reaction, H2O2 produces the hydroxyl radical •OH + −OH, which is highly reactive in the mitochondrial matrix. Elevated levels of ROS lead to increased mtDNA damage.
  • 2.1K
  • 23 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Mechanisms and Impact of Biofilms
Biofilms comprising aggregates of microorganisms or multicellular communities have been a major issue as they cause resistance against antimicrobial agents and biofouling. To date, numerous biofilm-forming microorganisms have been identified, which have been shown to result in major effects including biofouling and biofilm-related infections. Quorum sensing (which describes the cell communication within biofilms) plays a vital role in the regulation of biofilm formation and its virulence. As such, elucidating the various mechanisms responsible for biofilm resistance (including quorum sensing) will assist in developing strategies to inhibit and control the formation of biofilms in nature. Employing biological control measures (such as the use of bioactive compounds) in targeting biofilms is of great interest since they naturally possess antimicrobial activity among other favorable attributes and can also possibly act as potent antibiofilm agents.
  • 2.1K
  • 13 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Massive MIMO Systems for 5G
The global bandwidth shortage in the wireless communication sector has motivated the study and exploration of wireless access technology known as massive Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO). Massive MIMO is one of the key enabling technology for next-generation networks, which groups together antennas at both transmitter and the receiver to provide high spectral and energy efficiency using relatively simple processing. Obtaining a better understating of the massive MIMO system to overcome the fundamental issues such as pilot contamination, channel estimation, precoding, user scheduling, energy efficiency, and signal detection is vital for the successful deployment of 5G and beyond networks. Some of the recent trends in massive MIMO are terahertz communication, ultra massive MIMO (UM-MIMO), visible light communication (VLC), machine learning, and deep learning. 
  • 2.1K
  • 24 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Large Intestine and Its Microbiota
The large intestine (intestinum crassum) is the last part of the digestive tract ensuring the resorption of water, amino acids, bile acids, salts, vitamins and removes unabsorbed residues such as feces. This organ is 1.3–1.4 m long and 5–8 cm wide.
  • 2.1K
  • 07 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Solar Physics
Solar physics is the branch of astrophysics that specializes in the study of the Sun. It deals with detailed measurements that are possible only for our closest star. It intersects with many disciplines of pure physics, astrophysics, and computer science, including fluid dynamics, plasma physics including magnetohydrodynamics, seismology, particle physics, atomic physics, nuclear physics, stellar evolution, space physics, spectroscopy, radiative transfer, applied optics, signal processing, computer vision, computational physics, stellar physics and solar astronomy. Because the Sun is uniquely situated for close-range observing (other stars cannot be resolved with anything like the spatial or temporal resolution that the Sun can), there is a split between the related discipline of observational astrophysics (of distant stars) and observational solar physics. The study of solar physics is also important as it provides a "physical laboratory" for the study of plasma physics.
  • 2.1K
  • 29 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Heraldic Visitation
Heraldic visitations were tours of inspection undertaken by Kings of Arms (and more often by junior officers of arms (or Heralds) as deputies) throughout England , Wales and Ireland. Their purpose was to regulate and register the coats of arms of nobility and gentry and boroughs, and to record pedigrees. They took place from 1530 to 1688, and their records (akin to an upper class census) provide important source material for historians and genealogists.
  • 2.1K
  • 25 Oct 2022
  • Page
  • of
  • 2799
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback