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Topic Review
Street Dog Sterilisation Programmes
Humane Society International (HSI) facilitates dog sterilisation programmes internationally, which includes population surveys of street dogs to gain basic demographic information and to set a baseline for future monitoring operations. HSI has developed a web and mobile application suite called ‘HSIApps’ with custom tailored workflows to improve the efficiency (lower programmatic cost) and improve the welfare of dogs in care throughout the sterilisation process.
  • 2.1K
  • 30 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Stress in the Aviation Industry
Stress in the aviation industry is a common phenomenon composed of three sources: physiological stressors, psychological stressors, and environmental stressors. Professional pilots can experience stress in flight, on the ground during work-related activities, and during personal time because of the influence of their occupation. An airline pilot can be an extremely stressful job due to the workload, responsibilities and safety of the thousands of passengers they transport around the world. Chronic levels of stress can negatively impact one's health, job performance and cognitive functioning. Being exposed to stress does not always negatively influence humans because it can motivate people to improve and help them adapt to a new environment. Unfortunate accidents start to occur when a pilot is under excessive stress, as it dramatically affects his or her physical, emotional, and mental conditions. Stress "jeopardizes decision-making relevance and cognitive functioning" and it is a prominent cause of pilot error. Being a pilot is considered a unique job that requires managing high workloads and good psychological and physical health. Unlike the other professional jobs, pilots are considered to be highly affected by stress levels. One study states that 70% of surgeons agreed that stress and fatigue don't impact their performance level, while only 26% of pilots denied that stress influences their performance. Pilots themselves realize how powerful stress can be, and yet many accidents and incidents continues to occur and have occurred, such as Asiana Airlines Flight 214, American Airlines Flight 1420, and Polish Air Force Tu-154.
  • 2.1K
  • 28 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Nanocellulose and Nanocellulose-Based Composites
Nanocellulose is the most abundant material extracted from plants, animals, and bacteria. Nanocellulose is a cellulosic material with nano-scale dimensions and exists in the form of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), bacterial nanocellulose (BNC), and nano-fibrillated cellulose (NFC). Owing to its high surface area, non-toxic nature, good mechanical properties, low thermal expansion, and high biodegradability, it is obtaining high attraction in the fields of electronics, paper making, packaging, and filtration, as well as the biomedical industry. To obtain the full potential of nanocellulose, it is chemically modified to alter the surface, resulting in improved properties. 
  • 2.1K
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Manipulating Dream Experience
Dreaming, or sleep mentation, is an intriguing experience occurring during any human sleep stages. It can happen many times per night and is characterized by different degrees of emotional intensity, bizarreness, visual vividness, and narrative complexity. Mental activity during sleep and wakefulness shared similar neural bases. On the other side, recent studies have highlighted that dream experience is promoted by significant brain activation, characterized by reduced low frequencies and increased rapid frequencies. Additionally, several studies confirmed that the posterior parietal area and prefrontal cortex are responsible for dream experience.
  • 2.1K
  • 22 May 2023
Topic Review
Cellulose Triacetate Hollow-Fiber Membranes
Cellulose triacetate (CTA)-based hollow fiber (HF) membrane is one of the commercially successful semipermeable membranes that has had a long progress since the time the excellent semi-permeable feature of cellulose-based polymers was found in 1957. Because of the reliable and excellent performances, especially for drinking water production from seawater, CTA-HFs have been widely used as reverse osmosis (RO) membranes, especially in arid regions. 
  • 2.1K
  • 29 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Entrepreneurship in Times of Crisis
Entrepreneurship represents the views, attitudes and actions of an individual that desires to create or extract value from a perceived opportunity. This usually manifests through the individual’s willingness to face risk through the form of starting a business organization. Entrepreneurship plays a key role in transforming the economy and society by stimulating economic development, testing innovative ideas, creating new jobs, and by enriching the quality of life and human existence. 
  • 2.1K
  • 15 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Vasopressin in Sepsis and Other Shock States
Septic shock is defined by the need for vasopressors to correct hypotension and lactic acidosis secondary to infection, with a high mortality rate. The Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines recommend vasopressin as a second-line vasopressor, added to norepinephrine. 
  • 2.1K
  • 07 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Character Mask
The concept of a character mask refers to the persona or facade that individuals adopt to conceal their true thoughts, feelings, or identity in social interactions. This mask serves as a protective mechanism to manage impressions, conform to social norms, or maintain privacy, often resulting in a discrepancy between individuals' public presentation and inner selves. Character masks can vary in complexity and authenticity, influencing individuals' behavior, communication, and interpersonal relationships.
  • 2.1K
  • 08 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Waste Derivatives in Drilling Fluids
The increased production of waste materials is a significant concern due to their effect on public health and the environment. Mismanagement of food waste, in particular, has become a major global issue, thus prompting the need for better solutions that use these materials in different applications. Among various applications, food waste can be considered to be a sustainable alternative for additives in drilling fluids used in the oil and gas drilling industry. Chemical additives to drilling fluids are necessary components to facilitate drilling operations by enhancing the fluids’ properties, including rheology and filtrate loss. Studies have demonstrated that waste-derived materials, including food waste, have the potential to provide an environmentally safe alternative to toxic conventional chemical additives used in water-based drilling fluids. 
  • 2.1K
  • 17 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Starch-Based Materials for Food Packaging
The food packaging sector generates large volumes of plastic waste due to the high demand for packaged products with a short shelf-life. Biopolymers such as starch-based materials are a promising alternative to non-renewable resins, offering a sustainable and environmentally friendly food packaging alternative for single-use products. 
  • 2.1K
  • 25 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Additive Biomanufacturing with Collagen Inks
Collagen is a natural polymer found abundantly in the extracellular matrix (ECM). It is easily extracted from a variety of sources and exhibits excellent biological properties such as biocompatibility and weak antigenicity. Additionally, different processes allow control of physical and chemical properties such as mechanical stiffness, viscosity and biodegradability. Moreover, various additive biomanufacturing technology has enabled layer-by-layer construction of complex structures to support biological function. Additive biomanufacturing has expanded the use of collagen biomaterial in various regenerative medicine and disease modelling application (e.g., skin, bone and cornea). 
  • 2.1K
  • 04 Mar 2022
Topic Review
3D Data Acquisition and Object Reconstruction
3D data acquisition and reconstruction is the generation of three-dimensional or spatiotemporal models from sensor data. The techniques and theories, generally speaking, work with most or all sensor types including optical, acoustic, laser scanning, radar, thermal, seismic.
  • 2.1K
  • 10 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Modified Nb-Si-Based Multi-Element Alloys
Nb-Si-based superalloys are considered as the most promising high-temperature structural material to replace the Ni-based superalloys. Unfortunately, the poor oxidation resistance is still a major obstacle to the application of Nb-Si-based alloys. Alloying is a promising method to overcome this problem.
  • 2.1K
  • 22 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Beretta M1951
The Beretta M1951 is a 9×19mm semi-automatic pistol, developed during the late 1940s and early 1950s by Pietro Beretta S.p.A. of Italy. The pistol was produced strictly for military use and was introduced into service with the Italian Armed Forces and security forces as the Modello 1951 (M1951), replacing the Modello 1934 pistol, chambered for the 9×17mm Short (.380 ACP) cartridge.
  • 2.1K
  • 24 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Reduction of Graphene Oxide
Graphene is a single layer of carbon atoms lined up in a hexagonal lattice, and graphite is composed of these multiple layers.
  • 2.1K
  • 27 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Geosynthetics in Sustainable Engineering Solutions
Geosynthetics have proven to provide sustainable solutions for geotechnical and geoenvironmental problems when used with natural materials.
  • 2.1K
  • 03 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Bacterial Membrane Vesicles
Pathogenic bacteria interact with cells of their host via many factors. The surface components, i.e., adhesins, lipoproteins, LPS and glycoconjugates, are particularly important in the initial stages of colonization. They enable adhesion and multiplication, as well as the formation of biofilms. In contrast, virulence factors such as invasins and toxins act quickly to damage host cells, causing tissue destruction and, consequently, organ dysfunction. These proteins must be exported from the bacterium and delivered to the host cell in order to function effectively. Bacteria have developed a number of one- and two-step secretion systems to transport their proteins to target cells. Several authors have postulated the existence of another transport system (sometimes called “secretion system type zero”), which utilizes extracellular structures, namely membrane vesicles (MVs). 
  • 2.1K
  • 22 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Electrostatic Dust Cloth
Electrostatic dust cloths (EDC) have been widely used for microbiologic contamination assessment in different indoor and occupational environments. Electrostatic dust cloths are negatively charged allowing dust particles to settle with greater ease.
  • 2.1K
  • 31 Mar 2022
Topic Review
List of Northernmost Items
This is a list of various northernmost things on earth.
  • 2.1K
  • 06 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Hydrometallurgy and Germanium Recovery from Secondary Resources
Though nowadays germanium do not reach the range of popularity than other metals, i.e. rare earth elements, its utility in target industries makes of it also a strategic metal. Though germanium can be found in a series of raw materials, the principal source for its recovery is from secondary wastes of the zinc industry, also, the recycle of germanium-bearing waste materials is becoming of interest. In this recovery the size of the target materials because the diffusion and reaction are to be considered, Hydrometallurgy is performing a key role to the successful achievement of this goal. The present work reviews the most recent applications (2023 and 2024 years) of hydrometallurgical operations on the recovery of germanium from different solid and liquid sources.  
  • 2.1K
  • 30 Apr 2024
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