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Pathogenic bacteria interact with cells of their host via many factors. The surface components, i.e., adhesins, lipoproteins, LPS and glycoconjugates, are particularly important in the initial stages of colonization. They enable adhesion and multiplication, as well as the formation of biofilms. In contrast, virulence factors such as invasins and toxins act quickly to damage host cells, causing tissue destruction and, consequently, organ dysfunction. These proteins must be exported from the bacterium and delivered to the host cell in order to function effectively. Bacteria have developed a number of one- and two-step secretion systems to transport their proteins to target cells. Several authors have postulated the existence of another transport system (sometimes called “secretion system type zero”), which utilizes extracellular structures, namely membrane vesicles (MVs).
Bacterial Species (Gram-Negative) | Active Factors | Reference |
Acholeplasma laidlawii PG8 |
|
[18] |
Acinetobacter baumannii |
|
[19] |
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae |
|
[20] |
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans |
|
[21] |
Bartonella henselae |
|
[22] |
Borrelia burgdorferi |
|
[23][24] |
Burkholderia cepacia |
|
[25] |
Campylobacter jejuni |
|
[26] |
Coxiella burnetti |
|
[27] |
Escherichia coli K1 |
|
[28] |
Escherichia coli O157: H7 Shigella dysenteriae |
|
[29] |
enterotoxic E. coli (ETEC) |
|
[30] |
enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) |
|
[31] |
extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) |
|
[32] |
Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib) |
|
[33] |
Legionella pneumophila |
|
[34] |
Moraxella catarrhalis |
|
[35] |
Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B |
|
[36] |
Porphyromonas gingivalis |
|
[37] |
Salmonella enterica |
|
[38] |
Shigella flexneri |
|
[39] |
Treponema denticola |
|
[40] |
Vibrio cholerae |
|
[41] |
Yersinia pestis |
|
[42] |
Bacterial Species (Gram-Positive) | Active Factors | Citations |
Bacillus anthracis |
|
[ 12 ] |
Clostridium perfringens |
|
[ 43 ] |
Enterokok faecium |
|
[ 44 ] |
Prątek gruźlicy |
|
[ 45 ] |
Propionibacterium acnes |
|
[ 46 ] |
Streptococcus mutans |
|
[ 47 ] |
Streptococcus pneumoniae |
|
[ 48 ] |