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Topic Review
Massive MIMO Systems for 5G
The global bandwidth shortage in the wireless communication sector has motivated the study and exploration of wireless access technology known as massive Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO). Massive MIMO is one of the key enabling technology for next-generation networks, which groups together antennas at both transmitter and the receiver to provide high spectral and energy efficiency using relatively simple processing. Obtaining a better understating of the massive MIMO system to overcome the fundamental issues such as pilot contamination, channel estimation, precoding, user scheduling, energy efficiency, and signal detection is vital for the successful deployment of 5G and beyond networks. Some of the recent trends in massive MIMO are terahertz communication, ultra massive MIMO (UM-MIMO), visible light communication (VLC), machine learning, and deep learning. 
  • 2.1K
  • 24 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Sexual Differences in Jainism
According to the Tattvārtha-sūtra, all beings - save for infernal beings, one-sensed beings, or gods - possess one of three genders: female, male, or hermaphroditic. These genders are produced by a specific "body-making karma" that is attached to the soul of an individual being. In the process of achieving spiritual liberation, this karma is shed in order to free the soul from the cycle of rebirths known as saṃsāra. As such, all beings that have the potential to achieve spiritual liberation can do so, regardless of gender. This point, however, has been hotly debated amongst Śvetāmbara and Digambara Jains, so much so that a major sectarian difference between the two rests on the issues of female mendicants and female salvation. Jain literary traditions also reveal an ambiguous perception of non-males. Women are sometimes portrayed as virtuous mothers and learned teachers, while at other times, they, and other-gendered beings, are seen as temptresses and evildoers. Thus, despite the fact that Jainism offers an "almost unique insistence upon women [and others] as legitimate soteriological agents," there is a preponderance of characterizations, sources, and references that negatively influence the perception of women and other-gendered beings within the tradition.
  • 2.1K
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
FERONIA
As a member of the Catharanthus roseus receptor-like kinase 1-like (CrRLK1L) protein kinase subfamily, FERONIA (FER) has emerged as a versatile player regulating multifaceted functions in growth and development, as well as responses to environmental factors and pathogens. With the concerted efforts of researchers, the molecular mechanism underlying FER-dependent signaling has been gradually elucidated. A number of cellular processes regulated by FER-ligand interactions have been extensively reported, implying cell type-specific mechanisms for FER.
  • 2.1K
  • 14 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Carotenoids of Capsicum Fruits
Pepper of the Capsicum species is a common ingredient in various food preparations by different cultures worldwide. The Capsicum is recognised by its five main domesticated species, namely Capsicum annuum, C. baccatum, C. chinense, C. frutescens and C. pubescens. The genetic diversity in Capsicum offers fruits in wide ranges of morphology and carotenoid profile. Carotenoids enhance the value of pepper from a nutritional standpoint, despite being commonly prized for the pharmacologically active pungent capsaicinoids. Carotenoids of pepper comprise mainly of the unique, powerful and highly stable capsanthin and capsoroubin, together with β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, antheraxanthin and violaxanthin. These carotenoids are present at diverse profile and varying levels, biosynthetically connected to the fruit maturity stages.
  • 2.1K
  • 16 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Importance of Aflatoxins in Food and Agricultural Products
Contamination of agricultural products and foods by aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is becoming a serious global problem, and the presence of AFB1 in edible oil is frequent and has become inevitable, especially in underdeveloped countries and regions. As AFB1 results from a possible degradation of aflatoxins and the interaction of the resulting toxic compound with food components, it could cause chronic disease or severe cancers, increasing morbidity and mortality.
  • 2.1K
  • 30 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Solar Physics
Solar physics is the branch of astrophysics that specializes in the study of the Sun. It deals with detailed measurements that are possible only for our closest star. It intersects with many disciplines of pure physics, astrophysics, and computer science, including fluid dynamics, plasma physics including magnetohydrodynamics, seismology, particle physics, atomic physics, nuclear physics, stellar evolution, space physics, spectroscopy, radiative transfer, applied optics, signal processing, computer vision, computational physics, stellar physics and solar astronomy. Because the Sun is uniquely situated for close-range observing (other stars cannot be resolved with anything like the spatial or temporal resolution that the Sun can), there is a split between the related discipline of observational astrophysics (of distant stars) and observational solar physics. The study of solar physics is also important as it provides a "physical laboratory" for the study of plasma physics.
  • 2.1K
  • 29 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Applications of Machine Learning Algorithms in Food Industry
Machine learning assists with food process optimization techniques by developing a model to predict the optimal solution for given input data. Machine learning includes unsupervised and supervised learning, data pre-processing, feature engineering, model selection, assessment, and optimization methods. Various problems with food processing optimization could be resolved using these techniques. Machine learning is increasingly being used in the food industry to improve production efficiency, reduce waste, and create personalized customer experiences. Machine learning may be used to improve ingredient utilization and save costs, automate operations such as packing and labeling, and even forecast consumer preferences to develop personalized products. Machine learning is also being used to identify food safety hazards before they reach the consumer, such as contaminants or spoiled food. The usage of machine learning in the food sector is predicted to rise as more businesses understand the potential of this technology to enhance customer experience and boost productivity.
  • 2.1K
  • 15 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Vasopressin in Sepsis and Other Shock States
Septic shock is defined by the need for vasopressors to correct hypotension and lactic acidosis secondary to infection, with a high mortality rate. The Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines recommend vasopressin as a second-line vasopressor, added to norepinephrine. 
  • 2.1K
  • 07 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Electrochemical Aptasensors
Over the last few decades, aptamers have attracted a lot of interest in the biosensor industry, because they are the next generation of target receptors that can replace antibody functions. SELEX is an automated procedure and needs only a few days to evolve some binders. This is much shorter compared to antibody selection, which often requires several months. Aptamers can even differentiate the chirality of a molecule and its secondary structure. Aptamers can choose any types of targets with no restrictions. The antibodies undergo permanent degradation, while aptamers can undergo several cycles of denaturation/regeneration. DNA aptamers are acceptable for the design of reusable aptamer detectors, while RNA aptamers can be single-dimensional. The use of aptamers is not limited to specific areas and can be used as recognition molecules in almost any domain. The main limitation is the degradation of RNAs aptamer by ribonuclease. These problems can be solved by modifying RNA aptamers. Another limitation is that the microenvironment will affect the structure of the aptamer and the interactions with the ligand-target. Moreover, the composition of salts has a significant effect on aptamer configuration. The integration of aptamers into detection platforms such as microfluidics and paper-based analytical devices and lab-on-a-chip (LOC) areas for point-of-care (POC) diagnosis is becoming increasingly popular. Aptamer-based detection systems meet most POC diagnostic requirements.
  • 2.1K
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Hybrid Number
A hybrid number is a generalization of complex numbers [math]\displaystyle{ \left(a+\mathbf{i}b, \mathbf{i}^{2}=-1\right) }[/math], split-complex numbers (or "hyperbolic number") [math]\displaystyle{ \left(a+\mathbf{h}b, \mathbf{h}^2=1\right) }[/math] and dual numbers [math]\displaystyle{ \left(a+\mathbf{\varepsilon} b, \mathbf{\varepsilon}^2 = 0\right) }[/math]. Hybrid numbers form a noncommutative ring. Complex, hyperbolic and dual numbers are well known two-dimensional number systems. It is well known that, the set of complex numbers, hyperbolic numbers and dual numbers are respectively. The algebra of hybrid numbers is a noncommutative algebra which unifies all three number systems calls them hybrid numbers., , . A hybrid number is a number created with any combination of the complex, hyperbolic and dual numbers satisfying the relation Because these numbers are a composition of dual, complex and hyperbolic numbers, Ozdemir calls them hybrid numbers . A commutative two-dimensional unital algebra generated by a 2 by 2 matrix is isomorphic to either complex, dual or hyperbolic numbers . Due to the set of hybrid numbers is a two-dimensional commutative algebra spanned by 1 and [math]\displaystyle{ \mathbf{i}b+c\mathbf{\varepsilon }+d\mathbf{h} }[/math], it is isomorphic to one of the complex, dual or hyperbolic numbers. Especially in the last century, a lot of researchers deal with the geometric and physical applications of these numbers. Just as the geometry of the Euclidean plane can be described with complex numbers, the geometry of the Minkowski plane and Galilean plane can be described with hyperbolic numbers. The group of Euclidean rotations SO(2) is isomorphic to the group U(1) of unit complex numbers. The geometrical meaning of multiplying by [math]\displaystyle{ e^{\mathbf{i}\theta}=\cos \theta +\mathbf{i}\sin \theta }[/math] means a rotation of the plane. , . The group of Lorentzian rotations [math]\displaystyle{ SO(1,1) }[/math] is isomorphic to the group of unit spacelike hyperbolic numbers. This rotation can be viewed as hyperbolic rotation. Thus, multiplying by [math]\displaystyle{ e^{\mathbf{h}\theta }=\cosh \theta +\mathbf{h} \sinh \theta }[/math] means a map of hyperbolic numbers into itself which preserves the Lorentzian metric. , , , The Galilean rotations can be interpreted with dual numbers. The concept of a rotation in the dual number plane is equivalent to a vertical shear mapping since [math]\displaystyle{ \left( 1+x\mathbf{\varepsilon }\right) \left( 1+y\mathbf{\varepsilon }\right) =1+\left( x+y\right) \mathbf{\varepsilon } }[/math]. The Euler formula for dual numbers is [math]\displaystyle{ e^{\mathbf{\varepsilon }\theta }=1+\mathbf{\varepsilon }\theta }[/math]. Multiplying by [math]\displaystyle{ e^{\mathbf{\varepsilon \theta }} }[/math] is a map of dual numbers into itself which preserves the Galilean metric. This rotation can be named as parabolic rotation , , , , , . File:Planar rotations.tif In abstract algebra, the complex, the hyperbolic and the dual numbers can be described as the quotient of the polynomial ring [math]\displaystyle{ \mathbb{R}[x] }[/math] by the ideal generated by the polynomials [math]\displaystyle{ x^2+1, }[/math], [math]\displaystyle{ x^2-1 }[/math] and [math]\displaystyle{ x^{2} }[/math] respectively. That is, Matrix represantations of the units [math]\displaystyle{ \mathbf{i} }[/math], [math]\displaystyle{ \mathbf{\varepsilon } }[/math], [math]\displaystyle{ \mathbf{h} }[/math] are respectively.
  • 2.1K
  • 08 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Annona muricata and Its Anticancer Activity
Annona muricata is a member of the family Annonaceae and is familiar for its medicinal properties. A. muricata has been identified to have promising compounds that could potentially be utilized for the treatment of cancer. The most prevalent phytochemical components identified and isolated from this plant are alkaloids, phenols, and acetogenins.
  • 2.1K
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Diagnosis of Pityriasis Versicolor
Pityriasis versicolor (PV), also known as tinea versicolor, is a mild, non-contagious chronic, superficial fungal skin infection caused by lipid-dependent yeast-like fungus Malassezia. It manifests as poorly to well-demarcated discoloured or light pink scaly patches, usually affecting the trunk and arms. The disease occurs worldwide but is most prevalent in humid and warm tropical regions. PV tends to be more active in summer seasons. 
  • 2.1K
  • 26 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Methods of Making Lithium-Ion Batteries Membrane
Due to the growing demand for eco-friendly products, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have gained widespread attention as an energy storage solution. With the global demand for clean and sustainable energy, the social, economic, and environmental significance of LIBs is becoming more widely recognized. LIBs are composed of cathode and anode electrodes, electrolytes, and separators. Notably, the separator, a pivotal and indispensable component in LIBs that primarily consists of a porous membrane material, warrants significant research attention. 
  • 2.1K
  • 22 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Rhizopus oryzae Lipase
Lipases are biocatalysts with a significant potential to enable a shift from current pollutant manufacturing processes to environmentally sustainable approaches. The main reason of this prospect is their catalytic versatility as they carry out several industrially relevant reactions as hydrolysis of fats in water/lipid interface and synthesis reactions in solvent-free or non-aqueous media such as transesterification, interesterification and esterification. Because of the outstanding traits of Rhizopus oryzae lipase (ROL), 1,3-specificity, high enantioselectivity and stability in organic media, its application in energy, food and pharmaceutical industrial sector has been widely studied. Significant advances have been made in the biochemical characterisation of ROL particularly in how its activity and stability are affected by the presence of its prosequence. In addition, native and heterologous production of ROL, the latter in cell factories like Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Komagataella phaffii (Pichia pastoris), have been thoroughly described. Therefore, in this review, we summarise the current knowledge about R. oryzae lipase (i) biochemical characteristics, (ii) production strategies and (iii) potential industrial applications.
  • 2.1K
  • 10 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Trimethylamine N-Oxide
Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) may play a key mediator role in the relationship between the diet, gut microbiota and cardiovascular diseases, particularly in people with kidney failure.
  • 2.1K
  • 11 May 2021
Topic Review
Β-lactam Antibiotic
β-lactam antibiotics (beta-lactam antibiotics) are antibiotics that contain a beta-lactam ring in their molecular structure. This includes penicillin derivatives (penams), cephalosporins and cephamycins (cephems), monobactams, carbapenems and carbacephems. Most β-lactam antibiotics work by inhibiting cell wall biosynthesis in the bacterial organism and are the most widely used group of antibiotics. Until 2003, when measured by sales, more than half of all commercially available antibiotics in use were β-lactam compounds. The first β-lactam antibiotic discovered, penicillin, was isolated from a rare variant of Penicillium notatum (since renamed Penicillium chrysogenum). Bacteria often develop resistance to β-lactam antibiotics by synthesizing a β-lactamase, an enzyme that attacks the β-lactam ring. To overcome this resistance, β-lactam antibiotics can be given with β-lactamase inhibitors such as clavulanic acid.
  • 2.1K
  • 24 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Excipients in Pharmaceutical Additive Manufacturing
Additive manufacturing (AM), popularly known as three-dimensional printing (3DP), has been widely applied to the fabrication of prototypes through to functional parts in various manufacturing areas, including the pharmaceutical industry. The term “3D printing” technically refers to a broad collection of additive technologies based on the deposition of materials, like creating objects from the bottom up or layer by layer. Despite the technical differentiation between the terms, “3D printing” has become the common term.
  • 2.1K
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Character Mask
The concept of a character mask refers to the persona or facade that individuals adopt to conceal their true thoughts, feelings, or identity in social interactions. This mask serves as a protective mechanism to manage impressions, conform to social norms, or maintain privacy, often resulting in a discrepancy between individuals' public presentation and inner selves. Character masks can vary in complexity and authenticity, influencing individuals' behavior, communication, and interpersonal relationships.
  • 2.1K
  • 08 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Astrocytic Factors Controlling Synaptogenesis
Astrocytes are essential players of brain circuit development and homeostasis controlling many aspects of synapse formation, function, plasticity and elimination both during development and adulthood. Accordingly, alterations in astrocyte morphogenesis and physiology may severely affect proper brain development, causing neurological or neuropsychiatric conditions. Recent findings revealed a huge astrocyte heterogeneity among different brain areas, which is likely at the basis of the different synaptogenic potential of these cells in selected brain regions. 
  • 2.1K
  • 13 Oct 2020
Topic Review
3D Bone Bioprinting
Every year, approximately a couple of million bone grafts are performed worldwide to treat bone lesions, of which about 1 million only in Europe, thus bone regeneration is necessary to replace the damaged tissue, while the improvement of bone healing, both qualitatively and quantitatively, is mandatory. Bone tissue is constituted by cells with functions carefully coordinated, and a complex cross-talk between bone forming and inflammatory cells is known to guide successful regeneration, thus repairing bone is not an easy task. Autografts are still considered the gold standard for repairing bone defects, although they are not without significant drawbacks, such as donor site availability and possible morbidity. To overcome the pitfalls of grafts, researchers relied on bone tissue engineering (BTE) and 3D bioprinting techniques to produce cell-laden scaffolds, in which bone biological components are assembled to form a 3D environment. Several techniques of bone bioprinting have been developed: inkjet, extrusion and light-based 3D printers, which use different bioinks, i.e., the printing materials.
  • 2.1K
  • 13 Apr 2021
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