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| Version | Summary | Created by | Modification | Content Size | Created at | Operation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Vivi Li | -- | 1890 | 2022-12-01 01:37:40 |
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According to the Tattvārtha-sūtra, all beings - save for infernal beings, one-sensed beings, or gods - possess one of three genders: female, male, or hermaphroditic. These genders are produced by a specific "body-making karma" that is attached to the soul of an individual being. In the process of achieving spiritual liberation, this karma is shed in order to free the soul from the cycle of rebirths known as saṃsāra. As such, all beings that have the potential to achieve spiritual liberation can do so, regardless of gender. This point, however, has been hotly debated amongst Śvetāmbara and Digambara Jains, so much so that a major sectarian difference between the two rests on the issues of female mendicants and female salvation. Jain literary traditions also reveal an ambiguous perception of non-males. Women are sometimes portrayed as virtuous mothers and learned teachers, while at other times, they, and other-gendered beings, are seen as temptresses and evildoers. Thus, despite the fact that Jainism offers an "almost unique insistence upon women [and others] as legitimate soteriological agents," there is a preponderance of characterizations, sources, and references that negatively influence the perception of women and other-gendered beings within the tradition.
References
- Jaini, Padmanabh (2000). Collected Papers on Jaina Studies. Delhi, India: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. pp. 165. ISBN 978-8120816916.
- Dundas, Paul (2002). The Jains. London, UK: Routledge. pp. 50. ISBN 978-0415266062.
- Dundas 2002, p. 56.
- Dundas 2002, p. 57.
- Sethi 2012, p. 8.
- Sethi 2012, p. 51.
- Cort, John (December 1987). "Medieval Jaina Goddess Traditions". Numen 34: 250.
- Kelting, M. Whitney (6 September 2014). "Rājīmatī". http://www.jainpedia.org/themes/people/women-in-the-jain-tradition/rajimati.html.
- Jacobi, Hermann (2008). Jaina Sutras: Part I & II. London, UK: Forgotten Books. pp. 436. ISBN 978-1605067278.
- Sethi 2012, p. 62.
- Sethi 2012, p. 64.
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- Sethi 2012, p. 85.
- Balbir, Nalini (4 August 2013). "Malli". http://www.jainpedia.org/nc/themes/people/jina/malli.html.
- Sethi 2012, p. 82.
- Sethi 2012, p. 57.
- Dundas 2002, p. 55.
- Sethi 2012, p. 54.
- Sethi 2012, p. 4.
- Sethi 2012, p. 129.
- Sethi 2012, p. 48.
- Reddy, Gayatri (2005). With Respect to Sex: Negotiating Hijra Identity in South India. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press. pp. 20. ISBN 978-0226707563.
- Reddy 2005, p. 19.
- Zwilling & Sweet, p. 113.
- Reddy 2005, p. 20.
- Zwilling, Leonard; Sweet, Michael (January 1996). "'Like a City Ablaze': The Third Sex and the Creation of Sexuality in Jain Religious Literature". Journal of the History of Sexuality 6: 375.
- Zwilling & Sweet, p. 378-379.
