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Topic Review
Targeting the Lung-Gut Axis Mediated Pollution Particle-Mediated Inflammation
Cigarette smoking (CS) or ambient particulate matter (PM) exposure is a risk factor for metabolic disorders, such as insulin resistance (IR), increased plasma triglycerides, hyperglycemia, and diabetes mellitus (DM); it can also cause gut microbiota dysbiosis. In smokers with metabolic disorders, CS cessation decreases the risks of serious pulmonary events, inflammation, and metabolic disorder.
  • 892
  • 03 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Phenotypic Guidance of Corticosteroids and Antibiotics in COPD
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a heterogeneous disease with distinct phenotypes, each having distinct treatment needs. Eosinophilic airway inflammation is present in a subset of COPD patients in whom it can act as a driver of exacerbations. Blood eosinophil counts are a reliable way to identify patients with an eosinophilic phenotype, and these measurements have proven to be successful in guiding the use of corticosteroids in moderate and severe COPD exacerbations. Antibiotic use in COPD patients induces a risk of Clostridium difficile infection, diarrhea, and antibiotic resistance. Procalcitonin could possibly guide antibiotic treatment in patients admitted with acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD). Current studies in COPD patients were successful in reducing exposure to antibiotics with no changes in mortality or length of stay. Daily monitoring of blood eosinophils is a safe and effective way to reduce oral corticosteroid exposure and side effects for acute exacerbations.
  • 889
  • 22 May 2023
Topic Review
Genetic Wastewater-Based Epidemiology
Wastewater-based epidemiology describes the idea of early detection of a virus, e.g., SARS-CoV-2, in wastewater in order to focus on the area of virus occurrence and supplement the results obtained from clinical examination. By monitoring temporal variation in viral loads in wastewater in combination with other analysis, a virus outbreak can be detected and its spread can be suppressed early. The use of biosensors for virus detection also seems to be an interesting application. Biosensors are highly sensitive, selective, and portable and offer a way for fast analysis.
  • 887
  • 15 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Fibrotic Idiopathic Interstitial Lung Disease
Interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) that are known as diffuse parenchymal lung diseases (DPLDs) lead to the damage of alveolar epithelium and lung parenchyma, culminating in complex inflammatory and proliferative mechanisms leading to fibrosis. ILDs that account for more than 200 different pathologies basically grouped into those that have a known cause and those where the cause is unknown, namely the idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (IIP).
  • 884
  • 31 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Role of Smoking in the Pathogenesis of COPD
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has a high prevalence and is an important cause of hospitalization, disability, and mortality worldwide. The development and progression of COPD are characterized by airway inflammation and subsequent damage to the lung parenchyma. Prolonged exposure to particles and gases in cigarette smoke is a major risk factor for COPD development.
  • 882
  • 18 May 2023
Topic Review
SARS-CoV-2-Based Vaccines
Various SARS-CoV-2-based vaccines are in the final developmental stages and have been evaluated in a variety of in vivo models. However, despite positive outcomes in animal models, only a handful of these vaccines have made it to humans. With access to several coronavirus genome sequences, bioinformatics methods can now be adopted to investigate the developmental origins of new strains as well as the mechanism of viral entry and pathogenesis in the host.
  • 876
  • 11 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Side Effects and Efficacy of COVID-19 Vaccines
Coronavirus vaccines were well-tolerated, safe, and produced an immune response against the virus in most cases. Most postvaccine side effects were mild to moderate, which indicated the building of immunity by the body for protection.
  • 870
  • 16 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Emerging Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Diagnostics
COPD is a progressive lung disease described as accelerated lung aging. The aging, in addition to environmental exposures, increase inflammatory–oxidative stress and cellular senescence, resulting in irreversible lung disease progression from mild to severe emphysema.
  • 864
  • 10 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Smoking Cessation Pharmacotherapy and Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Tobacco smoking has been a recognized risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Smoking is a chronic relapsing disease and pharmacotherapy is a main component of smoking cessation. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and smoking both increase the risk of CVD and are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. There are few existing data examining how pharmacological treatment, such as nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), bupropion, and varenicline, affect smokers suffering with OSA and especially their cardiovascular effects.
  • 862
  • 21 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Nanoparticles as Delivery Systems via the Nasal Cavity
Microorganisms can produce nanoparticles through both intracellular and intercellular biosynthesis. This process can occur in a variety of different microorganisms, making it a versatile method for nanoparticle production. Different types of microbes can control the synthesis of various metallic nanoparticles. 
  • 851
  • 04 May 2023
Topic Review
Small Airway Disease in Pulmonary Fibrotic Diseases
Small airway disease (SAD) is a pathological condition that affects the bronchioles and non-cartilaginous airways 2 mm or less in diameter. These airways play a crucial role in respiratory function and are often implicated in various pulmonary disorders. Pulmonary fibrotic diseases are characterized by the thickening and scarring of lung tissue, leading to progressive respiratory failure. 
  • 848
  • 22 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Matrix Metalloproteinases in Cystic Fibrosis Pathogenesis
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a high-prevalence disease characterized by significant lung remodeling, responsible for high morbidity and mortality worldwide. The lung structural changes are partly due to proteolytic activity associated with inflammatory cells such as neutrophils and macrophages. Matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) are the major proteases involved in CF, and recent literature data focused on their potential role in the pathogenesis of the disease. In fact, an imbalance of proteases and antiproteases was observed in CF patients, resulting in dysfunction of protease activity and loss of lung homeostasis.
  • 844
  • 20 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Classification and Hemodynamic Definitions of Pulmonary Hypertension
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) refers to a pathologic elevation of the mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in a wide range of medical conditions. These conditions are classified according to similarities in pathophysiology and management in addition to their invasive hemodynamic profiles. The 2022 ESC/ERS guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension present the newest clinical classification system and includes significant updates to the hemodynamic definitions. Pulmonary hypertension is now hemodynamically defined as an mPAP > 20 mmHg, reduced from the previous threshold of ≥25 mmHg, due to important insights from both normative and prognostic data. Pulmonary vascular resistance has been extended into the definition of pre-capillary pulmonary hypertension, with an updated threshold of >2 Wood Units (WU), to help differentiate pulmonary vascular disease from other causes of increased mPAP. Exercise pulmonary hypertension has been reintroduced into the hemodynamic definitions and is defined by an mPAP/cardiac output slope of >3 mmHg/L/min between rest and exercise. While these new hemodynamic thresholds will have a significant impact on the diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension, no evidence-based treatments are available for patients with mPAP between 21–24 mmHg and/or PVR between 2–3 WU or with exercise PH. 
  • 842
  • 21 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Current Status of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Treatment
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a disease with a poor prognosis, causing progressive fibrosis of the lungs.
  • 837
  • 16 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Cardiac Rehabilitation in COVID-19 Patients
Recent scientific literature has investigated the cardiovascular implications of COVID-19. The mechanisms of cardiovascular damage seem to involve the protein angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), to which severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus-2 (CoV-2) binds to penetrate cells and other mechanisms, most of which are still under study. Cardiovascular sequelae of COVID-19 include heart failure, cardiomyopathy, acute coronary syndrome, arrhythmias, and venous thromboembolism.
  • 836
  • 24 May 2021
Topic Review
The Pathogenesis of Pulmonary Fibrosis
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is currently considered an epithelium-driven disease wherein dysfunctional aging lung epithelia are exposed to recurrent microinjuries that sabotage regeneration and lead to aberrant epithelial–mesenchymal crosstalk, creating an imbalance between profibrotic and antifibrotic mediators. 
  • 829
  • 17 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Respiratory Viral Infection and Epithelial Immunity in Asthma
Viral respiratory tract infections are associated with asthma development and exacerbation in children and adults. In the course of immune responses to viruses, airway epithelial cells are the initial platform of innate immunity against viral invasion. Patients with severe asthma are more vulnerable than those with mild to moderate asthma to viral infections.
  • 828
  • 10 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Regulating Airway Surface Liquid pH through Inflammation
The airway surface liquid (ASL) is a thin sheet of fluid that covers the luminal aspect of the airway epithelium. The ASL is a site of several first-line host defenses, and its composition is a key factor that determines respiratory fitness. Specifically, the acid–base balance of ASL has a major influence on the vital respiratory defense processes of mucociliary clearance and antimicrobial peptide activity against inhaled pathogens. In the inherited disorder cystic fibrosis (CF), loss of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) anion channel function reduces HCO3− secretion, lowers the pH of ASL (pHASL), and impairs host defenses. These abnormalities initiate a pathologic process whose hallmarks are chronic infection, inflammation, mucus obstruction, and bronchiectasis. Inflammation is particularly relevant as it develops early in CF and persists despite highly effective CFTR modulator therapy. Inflammation may alter HCO3− and H+ secretion across the airway epithelia and thus regulate pHASL. Moreover, inflammation may enhance the restoration of CFTR channel function in CF epithelia exposed to clinically approved modulators. 
  • 825
  • 06 May 2023
Topic Review
Pediatric Sarcoidosis
Sarcoidosis is a non-necrotizing granulomatous inflammatory syndrome with multisystemic manifestations.
  • 820
  • 01 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Nucleic Acid-Based COVID-19 Therapy Targeting Cytokine Storms
One of the promising therapeutic strategies to combat COVID-19 is nucleic acid-based therapeutic approaches, including microRNAs (miRNAs). Nucleic acid-based therapeutics (miRNAs included) have a latent ability to break the COVID-19 infection in general and quell the cytokine storm in particular.
  • 809
  • 25 Mar 2022
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