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Topic Review
Microvascular Tissue Engineering
Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine have come a long way in recent decades, but the lack of functioning vasculature is still a major obstacle preventing the development of thicker, physiologically relevant tissue constructs. A large part of this obstacle lies in the development of the vessels on a microscale—the microvasculature—that are crucial for oxygen and nutrient delivery. 
  • 1.7K
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Skeletal Muscle Uncoupling Proteins in Obesity Mice Models
Obesity and accompanying type 2 diabetes are among major and increasing worldwide problems that occur fundamentally due to excessive energy intake during its expenditure. Endotherms continuously consume a certain amount of energy to maintain core body temperature via thermogenic processes, mainly in brown adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. Skeletal muscle glucose utilization and heat production are significant and directly linked to body glucose homeostasis at rest, and especially during physical activity. However, this glucose balance is impaired in diabetic and obese states in humans and mice, and manifests as glucose resistance and altered muscle cell metabolism. Uncoupling proteins have a significant role in converting electrochemical energy into thermal energy without ATP generation. Different homologs of uncoupling proteins were identified, and their roles were linked to antioxidative activity and boosting glucose and lipid metabolism. From this perspective, uncoupling proteins were studied in correlation to the pathogenesis of diabetes and obesity and their possible treatments. Mice were extensively used as model organisms to study the physiology and pathophysiology of energy homeostasis. However, researchers should be aware of interstrain differences in mice models of obesity regarding thermogenesis and insulin resistance in skeletal muscles. 
  • 1.6K
  • 05 May 2022
Topic Review
Tumor Cell Infiltration into the Brain in Glioblastoma
Glioblastoma is the most common and malignant primary brain tumor, defined by its highly aggressive nature. Despite the advances in diagnostic and surgical techniques, and the development of novel therapies in the last decade, the prognosis for glioblastoma is still extremely poor. One major factor for the failure of existing therapeutic approaches is the highly invasive nature of glioblastomas. The extreme infiltrating capacity of tumor cells into the brain parenchyma makes complete surgical removal difficult; glioblastomas almost inevitably recur in a more therapy-resistant state, sometimes at distant sites in the brain. Therefore, there are major efforts to understand the molecular mechanisms underpinning glioblastoma invasion; however, there is no approved therapy directed against the invasive phenotype as of now.
  • 1.6K
  • 07 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Myeloperoxidase Regulation of Neutrophil Function
Neutrophils, the most abundant white blood cells in humans, are critical for host defense against invading pathogens. Equipped with an array of antimicrobial molecules, neutrophils can eradicate bacteria and clear debris. Among the microbicide proteins is the heme protein myeloperoxidase (MPO), stored in the azurophilic granules, and catalyzes the formation of the chlorinating oxidant HOCl and other oxidants (HOSCN and HOBr). Evolving evidence indicates that MPO can directly modulate the function and fate of neutrophils, thereby shaping immunity. These actions include MPO orchestration of neutrophil trafficking, activation, phagocytosis, lifespan, formation of extracellular traps, and MPO-triggered autoimmunity.
  • 1.6K
  • 29 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Marine Collagen
Marine organisms harbor numerous bioactive substances that can be utilized in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Scientific research on various applications of collagen extracted from these organisms has become increasingly prevalent. Marine collagen can be used as a biomaterial because it is water-soluble, metabolically compatible, and highly accessible. 
  • 1.6K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
VEGF/VEGFR in tumour anti-angiogenic therapy
It is now known that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFRs) play a pivotal role in angiogenesis process. Nowadays, the use of inhibitors of angiogenesis promoting factors is a powerful tool in anticancer combination therapeutic strategies, especially in cancer anti-angiogenic therapy (AAT).
  • 1.6K
  • 19 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Eosinophils in the Gastrointestinal Tract
Eosinophils are innate immune granulocytes actively involved in defensive responses and in local and systemic inflammatory processes. Beyond these effector roles, eosinophils are fundamental to maintaining homeostasis in the tissues they reside. Gastrointestinal eosinophils modulate barrier function and mucosal immunity and promote tissue development through their direct communication with almost every cellular component. This is possible thanks to the variety of receptors they express and the bioactive molecules they store and release, including cytotoxic proteins, cytokines, growth factors, and neuropeptides and neurotrophines. A growing body of evidence points to the eosinophil as a key neuro-immune player in the regulation of gastrointestinal function, with potential implications in pathophysiological processes. Eosinophil–neuron interactions are facilitated by chemotaxis and adhesion molecules, and the mediators released may have excitatory or inhibitory effects on each cell type, with physiological consequences dependent on the type of innervation involved. Of special interest are the disorders of the brain–gut interaction (DBGIs), mainly functional dyspepsia (FD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), in which mucosal eosinophilia and eosinophil activation have been identified. 
  • 1.6K
  • 27 May 2022
Topic Review
PH Value in Clinically Diagnosis
As a highly influential physiological factor, pH may be leveraged as a tool to diagnose physiological state. It may be especially suitable for diagnosing and assessing skin structure and wound status. Multiple innovative and elegant smart wound dressings combined with either pH sensors or drug control-released carriers have been extensively studied. Increasing our understanding of the role of pH value in clinically relevant diagnostics should assist clinicians and improve personal health management in the home. In this review, we summarized a number of articles and discussed the role of pH on the skin surface as well as the factors that influence skin pH and pH-relevant skin diseases, but also the relationship of skin pH to the wound healing process, including its influence on the activity of proteases, bacterial enterotoxin, and some antibacterial agents. 
  • 1.6K
  • 05 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Advances of MXenes
MXenes are synthesized from ‘MAX’ phases by the selective etching of ‘A’ layers. The MAX phases are conductive 2D layers of transition metal carbides/nitrides interconnected by the ‘A’ element with strong ionic, metallic, and covalent bonds.
  • 1.6K
  • 04 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Mitochondria in the Central Nervous System
Nearly half a century has passed since the discovery of cytoplasmic inheritance of human chloramphenicol resistance. The inheritance was then revealed to take place maternally by mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and mutations in mtDNA were identified as a cause of severe inheritable metabolic diseases with neurological manifestation. A growing number of preclinical studies have revealed that animal behaviors are influenced by the impairment of mitochondrial functions. Indeed, as high as 54% of patients with one of the most common primary mitochondrial diseases, mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) syndrome, present psychiatric symptoms. Mitochondrial functions are observed to be compromised and to become less resilient under continuous stress. Furthermore, stress, inflammation, mitochondrial impairment have been linked to the activation of the tryptophan–kynurenine metabolic system, which observably contributes to the development of pathological conditions including neurological and psychiatric disorders.
  • 1.6K
  • 29 Aug 2022
Topic Review
ABC Transporters in the Innate Immune System
The ATP-binding cassette transporters (ABC transporters) are a large family of proteins that transport a variety of substrates across cell plasma membranes. Because of this, they are involved in many physiological processes. It is of interest to note that many ABC transporters are involved in the transport of various lipids. In addition, this function may be related to the innate immune system. 
  • 1.6K
  • 22 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Specialized Pro-Resolving Mediators in Neuroinflammation
Specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) are lipid mediators derived from poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) which have been demonstrated to play an important role in the inflammation environment, preventing an overreaction of the organism and promoting the resolution of inflammation.
  • 1.6K
  • 10 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Interactions between Medical Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds
It is accepted that the medicinal use of complex mixtures of plant-derived bioactive compounds is more effective than purified bioactive compounds due to beneficial combination interactions. However, synergy and antagonism are very difficult to study in a meticulous fashion since most established methods were designed to reduce the complexity of mixtures and identify single bioactive compounds. The utilization of bioactive compounds from medicinal plant extracts as appropriate antimicrobials is important and needs to be facilitated by means of new metabolomics technologies to discover the most effective combinations among them. Understanding the nature of the interactions between medicinal plant-derived bioactive compounds will result in the development of new combination antimicrobial therapies.
  • 1.5K
  • 05 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Ivacaftor (VX-770)
Ivacaftor possesses a molecular structure characterized by the presence of an N-(2,4-di-tert-butyl-5-hydroxyphenyl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-quinoline-3-carboxamide moiety. The quinolone scaffold within its composition is a crucial pharmacophore, significantly influencing drug discovery. This scaffold holds prominence as one of the primary classes of nitrogen-containing heterocycles found in various biologically active compounds and blockbuster drugs, as highlighted in the literature. The amide group serves as a crucial link between the “privileged building block” and the di-tert-butylphenol in ivacaftor’s structure. This linkage is of considerable importance in medicinal chemistry due to its multifaceted role.
  • 1.5K
  • 17 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Oxidative Stress Markers
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have deleterious effects on cell components (protein-derived enzymes, lipid-rich membranes, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates), causing functional and structural alterations. Depending on the molecular targets of ROS action, oxidative stress (OS) markers show a wide variety. Therefore, they can be divided into four main classes: markers of lipid peroxidation, DNA oxidative damage, protein oxidation, and carbohydrate oxidation. The antioxidant molecules also represent an important source of biomarkers to evaluate OS.
  • 1.5K
  • 05 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Soluble Factors and Receptors in Skin Innate Immunity
The pattern recognition receptors, complement system, inflammasomes, antimicrobial peptides, and cytokines are innate immunity soluble factors. They sense, either directly or indirectly, the potential threats and produce inflammation and cellular death. High interest in their modulation has emerged lately, acknowledging they are involved in many cutaneous inflammatory, infectious, and neoplastic disorders. We extensively reviewed the implication of soluble factors in skin innate immunity. Furthermore, we showed which molecules target these factors, how these molecules work and how they've been used in dermatological practice. Cytokine inhibitors have paved the way to a new era in treating moderate to severe psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. 
  • 1.5K
  • 13 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence in Translational Medicine
Between preclinical and clinical research, translational research is benefitting from computer-based approaches like Artificial Intelligence, resulting in breakthroughs for advancing human health. 
  • 1.5K
  • 17 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence in Pain Detection
Pain is a complex and subjective experience, and traditional methods of pain assessment can be limited by factors such as self-report bias and observer variability. AI-based voice analysis can be an effective tool for pain detection in adult patients with various types of pain, including chronic and acute pain. 
  • 1.5K
  • 25 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Zonulin Pathway as a Therapeutic Target
The integrity and thus the function of blood–brain barrier (BBB) TJs play a crucial role in the pathomechanism of neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. Previously, it has been suggested that targeting different elements of the zonulin pathway, including actin filaments, TJs, or NF-κB, have potential therapeutic effects on CNS diseases. Indeed, encouraging results are accumulating from a recent preclinical study, using myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) inhibitor ML-7, which attenuates BBB disruption by preventing the disintegration of actin cytoskeletal microfilaments. Similarly, blocking the cleavage of TJ proteins by matrix metalloproteases (MMP) inhibitors, using either direct (broad-spectrum or selective MMP-2 and MMP-9) or indirect inhibitors (COX) has been shown to protect BBB. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) agonists, such as rosiglitazone, pioglitazone, or D-allose, also prevented BBB integrity by inhibiting NF-κB activation. Therefore, the use of zonulin inhibitors seems to be justified in the treatment of CNS diseases.
  • 1.5K
  • 04 May 2023
Topic Review
Barnase-Barstar Pair in Cancer Research and Nanotechnology
Barnase is an extracellular ribonuclease secreted by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens that was originally studied as a small stable enzyme with robust folding. The identification of barnase intracellular inhibitor barstar led to the discovery of an incredibly strong protein-protein interaction. Together, barnase and barstar provide a fully genetically encoded toxin-antitoxin pair having an extremely low dissociation constant. Moreover, compared to other dimerization systems, the barnase-barstar module provides the exact one-to-one ratio of the complex components and possesses high stability of each component in a complex and high solubility in aqueous solutions without self-aggregation. The unique properties of barnase and barstar allow the application of this pair for the engineering of different variants of targeted anticancer compounds and cytotoxic supramolecular complexes. Using barnase in suicide gene therapy has also found its niche in anticancer therapy.
  • 1.5K
  • 26 Nov 2021
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