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Topic Review
Thermochemical Heat Storage Based on CaO/CaCO3 Cycles
Thermochemical heat storage (TCHS) based on CaO/CaCO3 cycles has broad application prospects due to many advantages, such as high heat storage density, high exothermic temperature, low energy loss, low material price, and good coupling with CSP plants.
  • 2.3K
  • 04 Nov 2021
Topic Review
GQL Graph Query Language
In September 2019 a proposal for a project to create a new standard graph query language (ISO/IEC 39075 Information Technology — Database Languages — GQL). was approved by a vote of national standards bodies which are members of ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee 1(ISO/IEC JTC 1). JTC 1 is responsible for international Information Technology standards. GQL is intended to be a declarative database query language, like SQL.
  • 2.3K
  • 09 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Hacker Culture
The hacker culture is a subculture of individuals who enjoy - often in collective effort - the intellectual challenge of creatively overcoming the limitations of software systems or electronic hardware (mostly digital electronics), to achieve novel and clever outcomes. The act of engaging in activities (such as programming or other media) in a spirit of playfulness and exploration is termed hacking. However, the defining characteristic of a hacker is not the activities performed themselves (e.g. programming), but how it is done and whether it is exciting and meaningful. Activities of playful cleverness can be said to have "hack value" and therefore the term "hacks" came about, with early examples including pranks at MIT done by students to demonstrate their technical aptitude and cleverness. The hacker culture originally emerged in academia in the 1960s around the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)'s Tech Model Railroad Club (TMRC) and MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. Hacking originally involved entering restricted areas in a clever way without causing any major damage. Some famous hacks at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology were placing of a campus police cruiser on the roof of the Great Dome and converting the Great Dome into R2-D2. Richard Stallman explains about hackers who program: What they had in common was mainly love of excellence and programming. They wanted to make their programs that they used be as good as they could. They also wanted to make them do neat things. They wanted to be able to do something in a more exciting way than anyone believed possible and show "Look how wonderful this is. I bet you didn't believe this could be done." Hackers from this subculture tend to emphatically differentiate themselves from what they pejoratively call "crackers"; those who are generally referred to by media and members of the general public using the term "hacker", and whose primary focus‍—‌be it to malign or for malevolent purposes‍—‌lies in exploiting weaknesses in computer security.
  • 2.3K
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Perspiration
Perspiration, also known as sweating, is the production of fluids secreted by the sweat glands in the skin of mammals. Two types of sweat glands can be found in humans: eccrine glands and apocrine glands. The eccrine sweat glands are distributed over much of the body and are responsible for secreting the watery, brackish sweat most often triggered by excessive body temperature. The apocrine sweat glands are restricted to the armpits and a few other areas of the body and produce an odorless, oily, opaque secretion which then gains its characteristic odor from bacterial decomposition. In humans, sweating is primarily a means of thermoregulation, which is achieved by the water-rich secretion of the eccrine glands. Maximum sweat rates of an adult can be up to 2–4 liters per hour or 10–14 liters per day (10–15 g/min·m2), but is less in children prior to puberty. Evaporation of sweat from the skin surface has a cooling effect due to evaporative cooling. Hence, in hot weather, or when the individual's muscles heat up due to exertion, more sweat is produced. Animals with few sweat glands, such as dogs, accomplish similar temperature regulation results by panting, which evaporates water from the moist lining of the oral cavity and pharynx. Although sweating is found in a wide variety of mammals, relatively few (exceptions include humans and horses) produce large amounts of sweat in order to cool down.
  • 2.3K
  • 22 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Shubnikov–De Haas Effect
An oscillation in the conductivity of a material that occurs at low temperatures in the presence of very intense magnetic fields, the Shubnikov–De Haas effect (SdH) is a macroscopic manifestation of the inherent quantum mechanical nature of matter. It is often used to determine the effective mass of charge carriers (electrons and electron holes), allowing investigators to distinguish among majority and minority carrier populations. The effect is named after Wander Johannes de Haas and Lev Shubnikov.
  • 2.3K
  • 16 Nov 2022
Topic Review
RFID Sensors for IoT
Abstract: Radio-frequency identification (RFID) sensors are one of the fundamental components of the Internet of Things.  Within this framework, chipless RFIDs are a breakthrough technology because, removing the cost associated with the chip, are at the same time printable, passive, low-power and suitable for harsh environments. For this reason, there is a clear motivation and interest to extend the chipless sensing functionality to physical, chemical, structural and environmental parameters. Temperature and humidity sensors, as well as localization, proximity, and structural health prototypes, have already been produced, and many other sensing applications are on the way. In this review, architectural approaches and requirements related to the materials employed for chipless RFID sensing are summarized. The state-of-the-art of many categories of sensors and their applications is reported and an analysis of the current limitations and possible solution strategies are given, together with an overview of expected future developments.
  • 2.3K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
DIetary Magnesium: Human-Animal Nutrition
Magnesium (Mg) is a mineral acting as cofactor of more than 300 enzymes. Mg in farm animals’ is recommended to avoid Mg deficiency, ensure adequate growth and health maintenance. Further, Mg supplementation above the estimated minimum requirements is the best practice to improve farm animals’ performances (fertility and yield) and food products’ quality. In human nutrition, sub-optimal Mg intake has several implications in bone development, muscle function and health maintenance.
  • 2.3K
  • 25 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Aroma of Sherry Products
Jerez (Sherry) is a well-known wine-producing region located in southern Spain, where world-renowned oenological products such as wines, vinegars, and brandies are produced. There are several factors that provide characteristic physical, chemical, and sensory properties to the oenological products obtained in this Sherry region: the climate in the area with hot summers, mild winters, and with limited rainfall; the raw material used consisting on Palomino Fino, Moscatel, and Pedro Ximénez white grape varieties; the special vinification with fortified wines; and aging techniques such as a dynamic system of biological or oxidative aging.
  • 2.3K
  • 09 Apr 2021
Topic Review
MIP-Based Drug Delivery Systems
Despite the tremendous efforts made in the past decades, severe side/toxic effects and poor bioavailability still represent the main challenges that hinder the clinical translation of drug molecules. This has turned the attention of investigators towards drug delivery vehicles that provide a localized and controlled drug delivery. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) as novel and versatile drug delivery vehicles have been widely studied in recent years due to the advantages of selective recognition, enhanced drug loading, sustained release, and robustness in harsh conditions. This review highlights the design and development of strategies undertaken for MIPs used as drug delivery vehicles involving different drug delivery mechanisms, such as rate-programmed, stimuli-responsive and active targeting, published during the course of the past five years. 
  • 2.3K
  • 01 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum L.)
Milk thistle (Silybum marianum(L.) Gaertn.) is a multipurpose crop suitable to Mediterranean environments.
  • 2.3K
  • 07 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Classification of Waste Biomass and Biogenic Materials
Waste biomasses such as oil seed crops, lignocellulosic materials (e.g., agricultural and forest residues), microalgae, energy crops, manure, food waste and organic fraction of municipal solid waste have a huge potential to provide energy and value-added products via different conversion technologies.
  • 2.3K
  • 16 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Machiavellianism
Machiavellianism is "the employment of cunning and duplicity in statecraft or in general conduct". The word comes from the Italian Renaissance diplomat and writer Niccolò Machiavelli, born in 1469, who wrote Il Principe (The Prince), among other works. In modern psychology, Machiavellianism is one of the dark triad personalities, characterized by a duplicitous interpersonal style, a cynical disregard for morality, and a focus on self-interest and personal gain.
  • 2.3K
  • 13 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Immersive Virtual Reality
Immersive Virtual Reality (IVR) is a simulated technology used to deliver multisensory information to people under different environmental conditions. When IVR is generally applied in urban planning and soundscape research, it reveals attractive possibilities for the assessment of urban sound environments with higher immersion for human participation. In virtual sound environments, various topics and measures are designed to collect subjective responses from participants under simulated laboratory conditions. Soundscape or noise assessment studies during virtual experiences adopt an evaluation approach similar to in situ methods. 
  • 2.3K
  • 02 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Rhetoric of Technology
The rhetoric of technology is both an object and field of study. It refers to the ways in which makers and consumers of technology talk about and make decisions regarding technology and also the influence that technology has on discourse. Studies of the rhetoric of technology are interdisciplinary. Scholars in communication, media ecology, and science studies research the rhetoric of technology. Technical communication scholars are also concerned with the rhetoric of technology. The phrase "rhetoric of technology" gained prominence with rhetoricians in the 1970s, and the study developed in conjunction with interest in the rhetoric of science. However, scholars have worked to maintain a distinction between the two fields. Rhetoric of technology criticism addresses several issues related to technology and employs many concepts, including several from the canon of classical rhetoric, for example ethos, but the field has also adopted contemporary approaches, such as new materialism.
  • 2.3K
  • 29 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Nest Learning Thermostat
The Nest Learning Thermostat (or Nest Thermostat) is a smart thermostat developed by Nest Labs and designed by Tony Fadell, Ben Filson, and Fred Bould. It is an electronic, programmable, and self-learning Wi-Fi-enabled thermostat that optimizes heating and cooling of homes and businesses to conserve energy. The device is based on a machine learning algorithm: for the first weeks users have to regulate the thermostat in order to provide the reference data set. The thermostat can then learn people's schedule, at which temperature they are used to and when. Using built-in sensors and phones' locations, it can shift into energy saving mode when it realizes nobody is at home.
  • 2.3K
  • 07 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Cytogenetics of Myelodysplastic Syndrome
Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are heterogeneous groups of clonal myeloid disorders characterized by unexplained persistent peripheral blood (PB) cytopenia(s) of one or more of the hematopoietic lineages, or bone marrow (BM) morphologic dysplasia in hematopoietic cells, recurrent genetic abnormalities, and an increased risk of progression to acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Cytogenetics has been an important and a necessary parameter in the diagnosis of MDS. The WHO relies heavily on cytogenetic aberrations in MDS. In addition to establishing a clonal process in patients with peripheral blood cytopenia, cytogenetics plays a major role in the prognostication, clinical-morphologic correlation, theragnostic strategies, and in predicting the likelihood of progression to AML. In contrast to other myeloid malignancies, in which the diagnosis is defined by a single cytogenetic event, there is a vast spectrum of cytogenetic-defining lesions in MDS, making diagnosis very challenging. 
  • 2.3K
  • 08 Jul 2022
Topic Review
DNA Damage Repair for Cancer
DDR is activated in response to different endogenous and exogenous stresses(). When aberrantly repaired, DNA damage might be associated with clinical outcomes such as neurodegeneration, infertility, and genomic instability, being a key contributing factor to neoplastic transformation and tumour development(). Due to the complexity underneath detection and repair of DNA damage, cells evolved an intricate DDR network that, together with cell cycle regulation, promotes the maintenance of genomic stability and cellular viability().
  • 2.3K
  • 02 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Biochar Production Technologies and Applications
Biochar is a carbon-rich amorphous and aromatic material that may present various interesting properties such as high hydrophobicity, alkaline nature, relevant concentrations of nutrients (N, P, and K), good water and nutrient retention capacities, low thermal conductivity, high energy content, and high superficial porosity that enable interaction with external organic and inorganic compounds. These properties are largely dependent on feedstock type and biochar production conditions. Although biochar is mostly recognized as a valuable resource for soil fertilization and conditioning, this material also has significant potential to be used for water filtration and remediation processes, as an animal feed supplement, for greenhouse gas (GHG) emission control (carbon sink feature), for insulation materials for the building sector, as an electrode material (for energy production and storage), cosmetic products, biogas production and improvement, and in catalytic processes.
  • 2.3K
  • 29 Aug 2022
Topic Review
ShKAS Machine Gun
The ShKAS (Shpitalny-Komaritski Aviatsionny Skorostrelny, Shpitalny-Komaritski rapid fire for aircraft; Russian: ШКАС - Шпитального-Комарицкого Авиационный Скорострельный) is a 7.62 mm calibre machine gun widely used by Soviet aircraft in the 1930s and during World War II. The ShKAS had the highest rate of fire of any aircraft machine gun in general service during WWII. It was designed by Boris Shpitalniy and Irinarkh Komaritsky and entered production in 1934. ShKAS was used in the majority of Soviet fighters and bombers and served as the basis for the ShVAK cannon.
  • 2.3K
  • 24 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Plant Secondary Metabolite in stress
Plant secondary metabolites (SMs) play important roles in plant survival and in creating ecological connections between other species. The accumulation of SMs are highly dependent on environmental factors such as light, temperature, soil water, soil fertility, and salinity. For most plants, a change in an individual environmental factor can alter the content of secondary metabolites even if other factors remain constant. In this review, we focus on how individual environmental factors affect the accumulation of secondary metabolites in plants during both biotic and abiotic stress conditions. Furthermore, we discuss the application of abiotic and biotic elicitors in culture systems as well as their stimulating effects on the accumulation of secondary metabolites. Genes responsible for secondary metabolite biosynthesis in various plant species during stress conditions are regulated by transcriptional factors such as WRKY, MYB, AP2/ERF, bZIP, bHLH, and NAC, which are also discussed here.
  • 2.3K
  • 28 May 2021
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