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Topic Review
Glycosylated Molluscan Hemocyanins
The molluscan hemocyanins have complex carbohydrate structures with predominant N-linked glycans. Determination of glycans and glycopeptides was performed with the most common used methods for the analysis of biomolecules, including peptides and proteins like MALDI-TOF-TOF (time of flight), LC/ESI-MS, LC-Q-trap-MS/MS nano-ESI-MS and others. A novel acidic glycan structures with specific glycosylation positions were observed in Rapana venosa, Helix lucorum, Haliotis tuberculata, e.g. hemocyanins that enable a deeper insight into the glycosylation process.
  • 966
  • 29 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Cell Cycle Regulation and Ciliogenesis
Primary cilia biogenesis has been closely associated with cell cycle progression. Cilia assemble when cells exit the cell cycle and enter a quiescent stage at the post-mitosis phase, and disassemble before cells re-enter a new cell cycle. Studies have focused on how the cell cycle coordinates with the cilia assembly/disassembly process, and whether and how cilia biogenesis affects the cell cycle. Appropriate regulation of the functions and/or expressions of ciliary and cell-cycle-associated proteins is pivotal to maintaining bodily homeostasis. Epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation and histone/chromatin modifications, are involved in the regulation of cell cycle progression and cilia biogenesis.
  • 964
  • 03 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Tumor Microenvironment in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
The interaction of the cellular environment surrounding the tumor plays a relevant role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) pathogenesis. The tumor microenvironment is directly implicated in the modulation of liver fibrosis, the process of hepatocarcinogenesis, the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), invasion, and metastasis. Besides liver cancer cells, several cell types participate in the tumor progression in the liver. 
  • 964
  • 25 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Rieske Iron-Sulfur Protein in COPD and Pulmonary Hypertension
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is currently the third leading cause of death worldwide. The development of pulmonary hypertension (PH) accounts for the high mortality rate in COPD patients. Recent studies from the researchers' laboratory and others have highlighted the important role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling in the development of COPD and associated PH. ROS are primarily generated in mitochondrial complex III in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs). Rieske iron-sulfur protein (RISP), a catalytic subunit of mitochondrial complex III, is the major player in the generation of ROS. RISP plays a critical role in pulmonary vasoconstriction, remodeling, and hypertension.
  • 964
  • 17 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Akhirin
The structure of AKH comprises two von Willebrand factor-A (vWF-A) domains and one Limulus factor C, Coch-5b2 and Lgl1 (LCCL) domain. The chick AKH has an open reading frame of 748 amino acid residues, and the mouse AKH has an open reading frame of 650 amino acid residues (A). AKH has relatively high homology to vitrinand cochlin.
  • 963
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Sirtuins in Breast and Prostate Cancer
In mammals, seven sirtuins (SIRT1–7) have been identified, which primarily function as NAD-dependent deacetylases (SIRT1–3 and SIRT5–7) and ADP-ribosyl transferases (SIRT4 and 6). Additionally, sirtuins have been reported to function as demyristoylases (SIRT1–3 and 6), lipoamidases (SIRT4), and desuccinylases/demalonylases/deglutarylases (SIRT5). The forcus herein is the information on the tumor promotion or suppression roles of SIRT1–7 in breast and prostate cancers. Precisely, it is highlighted that sirtuins regulate various proteins implicated in proliferation, apoptosis, autophagy, chemoresistance, invasion, migration, and metastasis of both breast and prostate cancer.
  • 963
  • 03 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Glutamate-Glutamine Cycle
In biochemistry, the glutamate-glutamine cycle is a sequence of events by which an adequate supply of the neurotransmitter glutamate is maintained in the central nervous system. Neurons are unable to synthesize either the neurotransmitter glutamate or γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) from glucose. Discoveries of glutamine and glutamate pools within intercellular compartments led to suggestions of the glutamate-glutamine cycle working between neurons and astrocytes. The glutamate/GABA-glutamine cycle is a metabolic pathway that describes the release of glutamate or GABA from neurons which are then taken up into astrocytes (star-shaped glial cells). In return, astrocytes release glutamine to be taken up into neurons for use as a precursor to the synthesis of glutamate or GABA.
  • 962
  • 27 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Plasmodium falciparum Development from Gametocyte to Oocyst
Malaria elimination never succeed without the implementation of transmission-blocking strategies. The transmission of Plasmodium spp. parasites from the human host to the mosquito vector depends on circulating gametocytes in the peripheral blood of the vertebrate host. Once ingested by the mosquito during blood meals, these sexual forms undergo a series of radical morphological and metabolic changes to survive and progress from the gut to the salivary glands, where they will be waiting to be injected into the vertebrate host. The design of effective transmission-blocking strategies requires a thorough understanding of all the mechanisms that drive the development of gametocytes, gametes, sexual reproduction, and subsequent differentiation within the mosquito. The drastic changes in Plasmodium falciparum shape and function throughout its life cycle rely on the tight regulation of stage-specific gene expression.
  • 962
  • 01 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Gliomas
Gliomas are a group of primary tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) originating from glial cells. It was estimated that gliomas account for nearly a quarter of all primary CNS tumors. The management of malignant gliomas poses several challenges, in part due to the heterogeneous and resistant nature of neoplasm, as well as the obstacles faced when administering high-dose radiation and chemotherapy in tissue as vulnerable as that of the CNS. These difficulties are due to the tumor’s aggressiveness and the adverse effects of radio/chemotherapy on the brain. Stem cell therapy is an exciting area of research being explored for several medical issues.
  • 961
  • 24 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Induced Nephron Progenitor-like Cells from Human Urine-Derived Cells
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has emerged as a major public health concern due to its prevalence in 7–12% of the population worldwide, progression to irreversible end-stage renal disease (ESRD), impaired quality of life, associations with high social and financial costs, and high rates of associated morbidity and mortality (an 82% increase in CKD epidemic over the past two decades). The current treatment options for kidney failure involve lifelong dialysis and whole kidney transplantation. Although kidney transplantation undoubtedly offers a better quality of life and life expectancy than dialytic treatment, it is limited by the scarcity of available organs and the huge gap between supply and demand. Furthermore, considering that the average life expectancy of dialysis patients is barely a decade, alternative strategies for preventing or delaying the progression to ESRD are urgently needed. In this context, regenerative medicine strategies employing nephron progenitor cells (NPCs) are a viable approach that is worthy of substantial consideration as a promising cell source for kidney diseases. However, the generation of induced nephron progenitor-like cells (iNPCs) from human somatic cells remains a major challenge.
  • 961
  • 24 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Pin1
Pin1 is one of the three known prolyl-isomerase types and its hepatic expression level is markedly enhanced in the obese state. Pin1 plays critical roles in favoring the exacerbation of both lipid accumulation and fibrotic change accompanying inflammation.
  • 961
  • 07 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Ferroptosis in NAFLD
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic progressive liver disease with steatosis as the main pathological feature, including simple fatty liver degeneration, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). It may develop into cirrhosis and liver cancer. NAFLD is the most common chronic liver disease in the world today, and its incidence in the Euro-American region has reached more than 20%.
  • 960
  • 20 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Immune Cell Type-Specific Metabolic Reprogramming
Immunometabolism is an emerging discipline in cancer immunotherapy. Tumor tissues are heterogeneous and influenced by metabolic reprogramming of the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME). In the TIME, multiple cell types interact, and the tumor and immune cells compete for limited nutrients, resulting in altered anticancer immunity. Therefore, metabolic reprogramming of individual cell types may influence the outcomes of immunotherapy. Understanding the metabolic competition for access to limited nutrients between tumor cells and immune cells could reveal the breadth and complexity of the TIME and aid in developing novel therapeutic approaches for cancer.
  • 960
  • 18 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Tocotrienols
Tocotrienols (T3s), members of the vitamin E family, are natural compounds found in various food sources and exist as four naturally occurring analogues known as alpha (α), beta (β), delta (δ), and gamma (γ).
  • 960
  • 29 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Mitochondrial Redox Signaling, Kidney Diseases
Redox signaling conveys external and internal signals between redox-sensitive receptors and the downstream effectors of fission machinery. Mitochondrial dynamics require the recruitment of proteins to mitochondria. Indeed, the importation of several proteins to mitochondria depends on proton electrochemical gradient H+created by ETS at the IMM, which is called the proton motive force (PMF).
  • 959
  • 21 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Autophagy in Polyglutamine
Polyglutamine diseases are a group of congenital neurodegenerative diseases categorized with genomic abnormalities in the expansion of CAG triplet repeats in coding regions of specific disease-related genes. Autophagy is defined as the degradation of intracellular components within the lysosome; self-eating.
  • 958
  • 28 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Tumor Suppressor Candidate 2
Tumor Suppressor Candidate 2 (TUSC2) is an important tumor suppressor that negatively regulates cancer growth and progression in multiple cancer types. TUSC2 also plays a vital role in regulating normal cellular mitochondrial calcium homeostasis, immune regulation and serves as an important factor in premature aging.
  • 958
  • 02 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Leuconostoc mesenteroides Strains
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) share several beneficial effects on human organisms, such as bioactive metabolites’ release, pathogens’ competition and immune stimulation. 
  • 957
  • 19 Nov 2021
Topic Review
MicroRNAs in Cutaneous Autoimmune Diseases
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous small non-coding RNA molecules that regulate the gene expression at a post-transcriptional level and participate in maintaining the correct cell homeostasis and functioning. Different specific profiles have been identified in lesional skin from autoimmune cutaneous diseases, and their deregulation cause aberrant control of biological pathways, contributing to pathogenic conditions. 
  • 957
  • 08 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Autophagy in Kidney Disease
Autophagy is a dynamic process by which intracellular damaged macromolecules and organelles are degraded and recycled for the synthesis of new cellular components. Basal autophagy in the kidney acts as a quality control system and is vital for cellular metabolic and organelle homeostasis. Under pathological conditions, autophagy facilitates cellular adaptation; however, activation of autophagy in response to renal injury may be insufficient to provide protection, especially under dysregulated conditions. Kidney-specific deletion of Atg genes in mice has consistently demonstrated worsened acute kidney injury (AKI) outcomes supporting the notion of a pro-survival role of autophagy.
  • 956
  • 07 Jun 2021
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