Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Atherogenic Dyslipidemia Associated with Metabolic Syndrome
Atherogenic dyslipidemia plays a critical role in the development of metabolic syndrome (MetS), being one of its major components, along with central obesity, insulin resistance, and hypertension.
  • 2.5K
  • 19 Jul 2023
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Challenges of Misinformation in Online Learning: A Post-Pandemic Perspective
This entry examines the critical issue of misinformation within online learning environments following the COVID-19 pandemic, focusing on its types, spread, and consequences. It identifies key drivers of misinformation, such as reliance on unverified sources, limited media literacy, and emotional susceptibility during uncertainty. The entry analyses the effects of misinformation on students, educators, and the broader educational ecosystem, including behavioral disorders, reduced motivation, and misinformation-driven public anxiety. To address these challenges, the entry proposes strategies such as enhancing digital literacy, fostering critical thinking, and encouraging social interaction in virtual learning spaces. Ultimately, this work aims to equip educators, policymakers, and stakeholders with insights to develop a resilient, informed, and equitable post-pandemic educational framework.
  • 2.5K
  • 10 Mar 2025
Topic Review
Applications of Ellagic Acid and Its Derivatives
Ellagitannins (ETs), characterized by their diversity and chemical complexity, belong to the class of hydrolysable tannins that, via hydrolysis under acidic or alkaline conditions, can yield ellagic acid (EA). They are mostly found as a part of extractives in angiosperms. As known antioxidants and chelators, EA and EA derivatives are drawing an increasing interest towards extensive technical and biomedical applications. 
  • 2.5K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Tetravalence
In chemistry, the valence (US spelling) or valency (British spelling) of an element is the measure of its combining capacity with other atoms when it forms chemical compounds or molecules.
  • 2.5K
  • 27 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Epstein–Barr Virus and Human Papillomavirus
High-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) is etiologically associated with the development and progression of cervical cancer, although other factors are involved. Overall, reports suggest a potential link of EBV to the development of cervical carcinomas in two possible pathways: (1) Infecting epithelial cells, thus synergizing with HR-HPV (direct pathway), and/or (2) infecting tissue-infiltrating lymphocytes that could generate local immunosuppression (indirect pathway). However, further studies are needed for a better understanding of the EBV/HR-HPV coinfection role in cervical carcinogenesis, in which in situ hybridization (ISH) and/or immunohistochemical methods are mandatory for discriminating the cell type infected by EBV.
  • 2.5K
  • 04 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Phlorotannins’ Extraction and Isolation
Phlorotannins are moderately hydrophilic components with a wide range of molecular weights, ranging between 126 and 650 kDa. They are produced via the polymerization of the phloroglucinol molecule (benzene-1,3,5-triol) through the polyketide pathway reaction and stored in physodes and/or cell-wall-forming complexes.
  • 2.5K
  • 07 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Polymeric Nanocapsules
Polymer-based nanocapsules have been widely studied as a potential drug delivery system in recent years. Nanocapsules—as one of kind nanoparticle—provide a unique nanostructure, consisting of a liquid/solid core with a polymeric shell. This is of increasing interest in drug delivery applications. In this review, nanocapsules delivery systems studied in last decade are reviewed, along with nanocapsule formulation, characterizations of physical/chemical/biologic properties and applications. Furthermore, the challenges and opportunities of nanocapsules applications are also proposed.
  • 2.5K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
A Connected Community Approach to Building Community Resilience
Urban resilience research is recognizing the need to complement a mainstream preoccupation with “hard” infrastructure (electrical grid, storm sewers, etc.) with attention to the “soft” (social) infrastructure issues that include the increased visibility of and role for civil society, moving from (top-down, paternalistic) government to (participatory) governance. Analyses of past shock events invariably point to the need for more concerted efforts in building effective governance and networked relations between civil society groupings and formal institutions before, during, and after crisis. However, the literature contains little advice on how to go about this. A Connected Communities Approach is advanced that offers the missing guidance, and it's key features are explained.
  • 2.5K
  • 20 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Bagarius bagarius (Hamilton, 1822)
B. bagarius (Hamilton, 1822) is a fish species that has huge potential as food and game fish in Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, and Nepal, but is encountering the threat of extinction in Bangladesh and throughout the world, which can be inferred from its alarming conservation status in Bangladesh as well as throughout the world. It is known as “Baghair” or “Bagh mach” in Bangladesh. In Bangla, the term “Bagh” refers to a tiger. 
  • 2.5K
  • 22 Apr 2022
Topic Review
IoT Intrusion Detection Taxonomy
The taxonomy includes (1) IoT security attacks, (2) IoT architecture layers, (3) intrusion-detection systems for IoT, (3) DL techniques used in the IoT IDSs, (4) common datasets used in the evaluation of the DL systems, and (5) their classification strategies. The different areas included in the taxonomy are in various ways interconnected as root causes of IoT security vulnerabilities in IoT and/or solutions to counter such causes.
  • 2.5K
  • 29 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Barriers to Industrial Symbiosis
Industrial symbiosis (IS) can contribute to achieving a win-win situation between industry and environment for local and regional circular economies. Many authors have recognized that a variety of barriers can hinder the implementation of industrial symbiosis (IS). It is imperative to understand and prioritize the barriers which will provide guidance for the realization of IS projects and assist practitioners and stakeholders with more effective implementation. This, in turn, will contribute to development of circular economies. 
  • 2.5K
  • 01 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Glycocalyx–Sodium Interaction in Vascular Endothelium
The glycocalyx generally covers almost all cellular surfaces, where it participates in mediating cell-surface interactions with the extracellular matrix as well as with intracellular signaling molecules. The endothelial glycocalyx that covers the luminal surface mediates the interactions of endothelial cells with materials flowing in the circulating blood, including blood cells. Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality around the world. The cardiovascular risk factors start by causing endothelial cell dysfunction associated with destruction or irregular maintenance of the glycocalyx, which may culminate into a full-blown cardiovascular disease. The endothelial glycocalyx plays a crucial role in shielding the cell from excessive exposure and absorption of excessive salt, which can potentially cause damage to the endothelial cells and underlying tissues of the blood vessels.
  • 2.5K
  • 26 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Fucoidan Structure
Fucoidans are complex polysaccharides derived from brown seaweeds. The search for novel and natural bioproduct derived drugs (due to toxicity issues associated with chemotherapeutic drugs) has led to an extensive study of fucoidan, as it has several bioactive characteristics. Among the various bioactivities of fucoidan, antidiabetic and anticancer properties have received extensive attention. However, the elucidation of the fucoidan structure and its biological activity is still vague. In addition, research has suggested that there is a link between diabetes and cancer; however, limited data exist where dual chemotherapeutic efforts are elucidated. This review provides an overview of glucose metabolism, which is the central process involved in the progression of both diseases. Potential therapeutic targets are highlighted and the relevance of fucoidan and its derivatives as a candidate for both cancer and diabetes therapy is shown.
  • 2.5K
  • 04 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Citrus Canker
Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri, a causative agent of the citrus canker (CC) disease, belongs to one of the essential groups of the bacterial phytopathogen family, Xanthomonadaceae. It has been a potential threat to the globally significant citrus fruit crop, which has remained under investigation for disease management and epidemiology since the 1980s. In Pakistan, the average yield of citrus is 11 t/ha, which is lower than other countries, including China, Brazil, and India, having average productions of 27, 26, and 22 tons/hectare, respectively. Citrus canker is one of the most devastating diseases, posing a significant threat to crop yield and fruit quality. To date, five distinct types (or forms) of the citrus canker have been recognized; the Asiatic (Canker A) form is most destructive and affects most citrus cultivars. Severe infection outcomes include dieback, defoliation, severely blemished fruit, premature fruit drop, and reduced fruit quality. The infection increases under humid, warm, cloudy climate, wind, and heavy rainfall.
  • 2.5K
  • 20 May 2022
Topic Review
Windows 10 Version History (Version 1703)
Windows 10 Creators Update (also known as version 1703 and codenamed "Redstone 2") is the third major update to Windows 10 and the second in a series of updates under the Redstone codenames. It carries the build number 10.0.15063.
  • 2.5K
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
The Role of Cytochromes P450 in Plants
Cytochromes P450 are ancient enzymes diffused in organisms belonging to all kingdoms of life, including viruses, with the largest number of P450 genes found in plants. The functional characterization of cytochromes P450 has been extensively investigated in mammals, where these enzymes are involved in the metabolism of drugs and in the detoxification of pollutants and toxic chemicals.
  • 2.5K
  • 29 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Structural and Physiochemical Characteristics of Chitosan
Chitosan is a fibrous compound derived from chitin, which is the second most abundant natural polysaccharide and is produced by crustaceans, including crabs, shrimps, and lobsters. Chitosan has all of the important medicinal properties, including biocompatibility, biodegradability, and hydrophilicity, and it is relatively nontoxic and cationic in nature. 
  • 2.5K
  • 04 May 2023
Topic Review
Bumble (App)
Bumble is a location-based social application that facilitates communication between interested users. In heterosexual matches, only female users can make the first contact with matched male users, while in same-sex matches either person can send a message first. Users can sign up using their phone number or Facebook profile, and have options of searching for romantic matches or, in "BFF mode", friends. Bumble Bizz facilitates business communications. Bumble was founded by Whitney Wolfe Herd shortly after she left Tinder, a dating app she co-founded, due to growing tensions with other company executives. Wolfe Herd has described Bumble as a "feminist dating app". As of September 2019, with a monthly user base of 5 million, Bumble is the second-most popular dating app in the U.S. after Tinder. According to a June 2016 survey, 46.2% of its users are female. According to Forbes , the company is valued at more than $1 billion, and has over 55 million users.
  • 2.5K
  • 17 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Role of parasocial relationship (PSR)
       Individuals’ emotional bonds with media performers have impacts on desirable attitudinal and behavioral outcomes. A parasocial relation (PSR) is “a seeming face-to-face relationship” created between a media persona and audience members. PSR has persuasive influence on knowledge, perceptions, and behaviors concerning specific social issues such as health, environment, and politics. Audiences are also likely to perform the behaviors advocated by celebrities and adopt attitudes and beliefs similar to those held by celebrities. 
  • 2.5K
  • 08 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Porphyromonas Gingivalis and Systemic Diseases
The relationship between periodontitis and systemic diseases, notably including atherosclerosis and diabetes, has been studied for several years. Porphyromonas gingivalis, a prominent component of oral microorganism communities, is the main pathogen that causes periodontitis. We comprehensively summarize the adverse effects of Porphyromonas gingivalis on multiple systems and a variety of diseases, from extensively studied fields (cardiovascular diseases, cancer, adverse pregnancy outcomes, etc.) to emerging areas (Alzheimer's Disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, depression, etc.). Although a few results remain controversial, it is now evident that Porphyromonas gingivalis should be regarded as a modifiable factor for several diseases.
  • 2.5K
  • 26 Nov 2020
  • Page
  • of
  • 2799
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback