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Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Dnase1 Family in Autoimmunity
The deoxyribonuclease 1 (Dnase1) family is a key family of endonucleases that degrades DNA. Loss of Dnase1 family function causes several diseases where the host’s immune system targets the host, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, hypocomplementemic urticarial vasculitis syndrome. 
  • 1.4K
  • 18 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Naturally Occurring Heavy Metal Hyperaccumulators
A hyperaccumulator is a plant which can absorb and accumulate heavy metals in its above-ground sections (especially the leaves) at values exceeding specific metal thresholds. 
  • 1.4K
  • 21 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Rapid DNA Systems
The generation of STR profiles currently requires highly skilled geneticists and dedicated laboratories. Therefore, there is an urgent need for fast and reliable DNA devices for analysis directly at the crime scene. A few systems became commercially available for integrated forensic DNA analysis to be used in the field, which are fully integrated platforms that can generate STR profiles from (reference) samples within 2 hours. In the following a distinction is made between 'rapid DNA analysis' - defined as using a rapid DNA instrument without human intervention - and 'modified rapid DNA analysis'' which is defined as using a rapid DNA instrument in combination with human interpretation of the DNA analyses results.
  • 1.4K
  • 10 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Targeted Cytokine Delivery for Cancer Treatment
Anti-tumor properties of several cytokines have already been investigated in multiple experiments and clinical trials. However, those studies evidenced substantial toxicities, even at low cytokine doses, and the lack of tumor specificity. These factors significantly limit clinical applications. Due to their high specificity and affinity, tumor-specific monoclonal antibodies or their antigen-binding fragments are capable of delivering fused cytokines to tumors and, therefore, of decreasing the number and severity of side effects, as well as of enhancing the therapeutic index. Targeted cytokine-mediated activation of the immune cells may trigger massive cytokine production at the disease site, making the local environmental conditions more favorable for local immune system cell functioning.
  • 1.4K
  • 10 Feb 2023
Topic Review
BDNF expression in GABAergic interneurons
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a major neuronal growth factor that is widely expressed in the central nervous system. It is synthesized as a glycosylated precursor protein, (pro)BDNF and post-translationally converted to the mature form, (m)BDNF. BDNF is known to be produced and secreted by cortical glutamatergic principal cells (PCs); however, it remains a question whether it can also be synthesized by other neuron types, in particular, GABAergic interneurons (INs). Therefore, we utilized immunocytochemical labeling and reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) to investigate the cellular distribution of proBDNF and its RNA in glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons of the mouse cortex. Immunofluorescence labeling revealed that mBDNF, as well as proBDNF, localized to both the neuronal populations in the hippocampus. The precursor proBDNF protein showed a perinuclear distribution pattern, overlapping with the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the site of protein synthesis. RT-qPCR of samples obtained using laser capture microdissection (LCM) or fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) of hippocampal and cortical neurons further demonstrated the abundance of BDNF transcripts in both glutamatergic and GABAergic cells. Thus, our data provide compelling evidence that BDNF can be synthesized by both principal cells and INs of the cortex.
  • 1.4K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Eukaryotic Cell
Eukaryotic cells, are complex cells that evolved through endosymbiosis when one cell (typically bacterial, forming mitochondria and plastids) is incorporated by a host cell. It might well be that other cellular organelles are also of endosymbiotic nature. 
  • 1.4K
  • 18 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Mycotoxins Beauvericin and Enniatins
Mycotoxins are a structurally diverse group of mostly low-molecular-weight compounds. Their structures range from single heterocyclic rings to irregularly arranged rings of six to eight members and their molecular weights are usually less than 1000 Da. Therefore, they do not induce any response in the human immune system.
  • 1.4K
  • 05 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Static Osteogenesis versus Dynamic Osteogenesis
Static (SO) and dynamic (DO) osteogenesis are two very different types of osteogenesis, which are thus named because the former is characterized by pluristratified cords of unexpectedly stationary osteoblasts which differentiate at a fairly constant distance from the blood capillaries and transform into osteocytes without moving from the onset site, while the latter is distinguished by the well-known typical monostratified laminae of movable osteoblasts, which secrete bone moving towards the vessels.
  • 1.4K
  • 25 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Subcellular Localization of Membrane-Type-1 Matrix Metalloproteinase
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are critical enzymes involved in a variety of cellular processes. MMPs are well known for their ability to degrade the extracellular matrix (ECM) and their extracellular role in cell migration. Membrane-type-1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP), a transmembrane protein, is first known to localize to the cell membrane.
  • 1.4K
  • 15 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Glutamate Protects against Catecholamine Oxidation
Catecholamines, such as dopamine and norepinephrine, take part in regulating a variety of mental processes, including cognitive ability, attention, memory, mood, and reward. Glutamate, as a neurotransmitter, plays an important role in learning, memory, neuronal plasticity, and brain development. The excessive stimulation of glutamate receptors causes the excitatory toxicity of neuron cells; thus, neurons are endowed with high-affinity glutamate transporters to enrich glutamate.
  • 1.4K
  • 16 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Molecular Basis of Soybean Cold Tolerance
Cold stress is a major factor influencing the geographical distribution of soybean growth and causes immense losses in productivity. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that the soybean has undergone to survive cold temperatures will have immense value in improving soybean cold tolerance. Cold-tolerant quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were found to be overlapped with the genomic region of maturity loci of E1, E3, E4, pubescence color locus of T, stem growth habit gene locus of Dt1, and leaf shape locus of Ln, indicating that pleiotropic loci may control multiple traits, including cold tolerance. The C-repeat responsive element binding factors (CBFs) are evolutionarily conserved across species. The expression of most GmDREB1s was upregulated by cold stress and overexpression of GmDREB1B;1 in soybean protoplast, and transgenic Arabidopsis plants can increase the expression of genes with the DRE core motif in their promoter regions under cold stress. Other soybean cold-responsive regulators, such as GmMYBJ1, GmNEK1, GmZF1, GmbZIP, GmTCF1a, SCOF-1 and so on, enhance cold tolerance by regulating the expression of COR genes in transgenic Arabidopsis. CBF-dependent and CBF-independent pathways are cross-talking and work together to activate cold stress gene expression. 
  • 1.4K
  • 02 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Tuning between Nuclear Organization and Functionality in Health
The organization of eukaryotic genome in the nucleus, a double-membraned organelle separated from the cytoplasm, is highly complex and dynamic. The functional architecture of the nucleus is confined by the layers of internal and cytoplasmic elements, including chromatin organization, nuclear envelope associated proteome and transport, nuclear–cytoskeletal contacts, and the mechano-regulatory signaling cascades. The size and morphology of the nucleus could impose a significant impact on nuclear mechanics, chromatin organization, gene expression, cell functionality and disease development. The maintenance of nuclear organization during genetic or physical perturbation is crucial for the viability and lifespan of the cell. Abnormal nuclear envelope morphologies, such as invagination and blebbing, have functional implications in several human disorders, including cancer, accelerated aging, thyroid disorders, and different types of neuro-muscular diseases. 
  • 1.4K
  • 07 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Synthesis of Silver Nanostructure
Silver nanoparticles are one of the commonly used metal materials for SP because of their high sensitivity to refractive index change, convenient synthesis, and high controllable degree of shape and size. Silver nanoparticles of different sizes and shapes are used in many fields. Various synthesis methods have undergone many improvements over time and technological developments in order to provide precise control over the shape and size of the synthesized silver nanoparticles. Silver nanoparticle fabrication is usually divided into two categories: top-down and bottom-up.
  • 1.4K
  • 19 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Click Reaction in Chemical Proteomics
Proteomics is a kind of omics which studies the protein composition, distribution and changing rules in cells, tissues or organisms. Essentially, it refers to the macroscale study of protein characteristics, including protein expression level, post-translational modification, small molecule–protein interaction and so on. Research on the proteome cannot only provide the material foundation for the law of the activities of life, but also provides a theoretical foundation and solutions to elucidate and conquer numerous types of mechanisms of illness. Click chemistry was first put forward by K B Sharpless in 2001 which provides a quick and reliable synthesis method for different molecules to offer a range of reactivities, orthogonality and utility in various applications. Click chemistry is characterized by good chemical selectivity, favorable solvent compatibility, diverse modularization, minimum synthesis requirements and high yield, upon which it considerably reduces the effect of sensor incorporation on protein activity and reveals the structure and functionality of proteins.
  • 1.4K
  • 24 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Usefulness of Microbiome for Forensic Geolocation
Forensic microbiomics is a promising tool for crime investigation. Geolocation connects an individual to a certain place or location by microbiota.
  • 1.4K
  • 16 Dec 2021
Topic Review
PERK
Multiple myeloma is a bone marrow cancer that represents a severe health threat. The drugs used nowadays in chemotherapy often encounter resistance leading to a dramatic loss of their efficacy, which consequently affects patients’ survival. Previous studies have shown that the protein kinase R (PKR)-like ER kinase (PERK) pathway, which is one of the three branches of the unfolded protein response, is highly activated in multiple myeloma, possibly contributing to the chemotherapy resistance that these patients develop. In this study, we have used the compound GSK2606414, which is a PERK inhibitor, and found that myeloma cells are highly sensitive to this molecule. These effects were more pronounced when the inhibitor was used in combination with an anti-myeloma drug such as the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib, suggesting that the PERK pathway could be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of multiple myeloma patients.
  • 1.4K
  • 02 Nov 2020
Topic Review
BET Family Proteins
The BET family of proteins consists of a series of proteins with two N-terminal tandem bromodomains and an exclusive extra terminal domain (ET) that play an important role in gene transcription through epigenetic regulation, with a prominent impact in the control of cell growth and differentiation.
  • 1.4K
  • 05 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Acyclic Nucleic Acids with Phosphodiester Linkages
The pseudo-rotational flexibility of the ribonucleotide is considerably limited due to the anomeric effect, and RNA/RNA and RNA/DNA duplexes are generally more thermally stable than DNA/DNA duplexes. The rigidity of the cyclic scaffold has been considered important for the formation of thermally stable duplexes, and the unexpectedly high thermal stability of duplexes formed with the participation of LNA oligomers could serve as an excellent justification for this point of view. However, this generalization is not consistent with the behavior of Peptide Nucleic Acids (PNA), in which the heterocyclic bases are attached to a linear peptide-like backbone, since duplexes composed of RNA or DNA and PNA strands are far more stable than RNA/RNA and DNA/DNA ones. This phenomenon may be attributed to the absence of a negative charge in the backbone, such that the absence of repulsive interactions balances the entropic cost of proper spatial organization of the flexible PNA scaffolds. Nonetheless, the widely accepted importance of the cyclic sugar components for the stability of the duplexes could be questioned. There is another perspective that can be applied to the acyclic analogs of nucleic acids that is related to the origin of life. The synthetic efforts on acyclic analogs of nucleic acids and provides information on the most interesting features of selected classes of such compounds, are here described. The selection includes the following types of analogs: Flexible (FNA), Unlocked (UNA), Glycol (GNA), Butyl (BuNA), Threoninol (TNA) and Serinol Nucleic Acids (SNA). These classes of analogs are discussed in terms of their synthetic methods, the thermal stability of their homo- and hetero-duplexes and their applicability in biological and biochemical research and nanotechnology.
  • 1.4K
  • 10 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Biochemistry of Antioxidants and Their Mode of Action
Antioxidants are a class of a multitude of chemical substances clearly associated with large health benefits and lower risks of various age-related diseases.
  • 1.4K
  • 11 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Base Excision Repair Mechanisms
Base excision repair (BER) corrects forms of oxidative, deamination, alkylation, and abasic single-base damage that appear to have minimal effects on the helix. Since its discovery in 1974, the field has grown in several facets: mechanisms, biology and physiology, understanding deficiencies and human disease, and using BER genes as potential inhibitory targets to develop therapeutics.
  • 1.4K
  • 26 Sep 2023
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