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Topic Review
Application of Radio Frequency Identification in IoT Field
RFID (radio frequency identification) technology appeared nearly 70 years ago. Deployed more widely only from the early 2000s, it is now booming and its development is still accelerating. As its name indicates, its original function was the identification (of objects, animals, people) and its applications were then essentially aimed at traceability, access control and logistics. If this type of use is still relevant today with more and more new application contexts and more and more efficient RFID tags, RFID has also evolved by integrating new capabilities. These new tags, known as augmented tags, include an information capture function. With the explosion of connected objects and the emergence of the Internet of Things (IoT), this old technology that is RFID still has a promising future and will probably be more and more present in our private and professional environments in all fields: logistics, industry, agriculture, building, health and even space.
  • 896
  • 14 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Microgrid Energy Market
Electricity generation using distributed renewable energy systems is becoming increasingly common due to the significant increase in energy demand and the high operation of conventional power systems with fossil fuels. Microgrids are rapidly becoming attractive because they assist in reducing the load congestion on the traditional power system, have a less environmental impact, intensify the power generation capacity, are easy to install, offer localized generation to the consumers, and are highly efficient with increased reliability.
  • 896
  • 20 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Sustainable Energy Systems in Southern African Development Community
The Southern African Development Community (SADC) region includes all the countries located in the southernmost region of Africa, with the Democratic Republic of Congo on the northern boundary of the region. In 2017, more than 341 million people were living in SADC, representing around 33% of SSA’s total population of 1.02 billion, and with an annual growth rate of 2%.  Hydropower is the main renewable energy source in most member states, including Angola, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, and Zambia. Therefore, to accelerate energy access for a higher share of the population, countries like South Africa, Botswana, and Zimbabwe are continuing to exploit mainly non-renewable energy sources, particularly coal. Additionally, SADC needs to face the reduction of GHG emissions to ensure sustainability, and to this end, every effort should be made to guarantee carbon neutrality and a zero-carbon economy.
  • 894
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Industrial Control Systems
Industrial control systems (ICSs) for critical infrastructure are extensively utilized to provide the fundamental functions of society and are frequently employed in critical infrastructure. Therefore, security of these systems from cyberattacks is essential.
  • 893
  • 20 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Fall Detection and Activity Logging Using Motion Classification
The entry presents a novel approach to detect falls in people who use orthopedic walkers, especially in older people and people with limited mobility. Recognizing that walker users may not wear traditional wearable devices, such as bracelets, consistently, the researchers propose connecting an Internet of Things (IoT) device equipped with an inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensor directly to the walker. This setup aims to provide real-time fall detection and activity logging. To support this system, a data set capturing four distinct activities of walker users was collected and labeled: idle, motion, step, and fall.
  • 893
  • 27 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Virtual Lab
VirtLAB is a Low-Cost Platform for Electronics Lab Experiments. The recent SARS-CoV2 pandemic has put a great challenge on university courses. Electronics teaching requires real laboratory experiences for students, which cannot be realized if access to physical infrastructures is prohibited. A possible solution would be to distribute to students, at home, electronics equipment suitable for laboratory experiments, but no reasonable product is currently available off-the-shelf.
  • 892
  • 22 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Circular Design Principles Applied on Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
In a world with growing demand for resources and a worsening climate crisis, it is imperative to research and put into practice more sustainable and regenerative products and processes. Especially in the energy sector, more sustainable systems that are recyclable, repairable and remanufacturable are needed. One promising technology is dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). They can be manufactured with low energy input and can be made from non-toxic components. The concept of Circo Track, a method developed by the Technical University of Delft, was applied to DSSCs and investigated which design concepts and business models are applicable. This method enables companies to transform a product that is disposed of after its useful life into one that can be used for longer and circulates in material cycles. 
  • 887
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Improvement in Light Extraction Efficiency
As one of the important performance indicators of Micro-LEDs, external quantum efficiency (EQE) refers to the ratio of the final emitted photon number to the injected carrier number, which can be obtained by the product of the light extraction efficiency (LEE) and internal quantum efficiency (IQE). Therefore, EQE can be improved by improving the LEE. 
  • 884
  • 13 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Irreversible Electroporation in Oncology
Locoregional therapies play an ever-increasing role in contemporary oncology. Researchers provide an up-to-date, informed analysis of locoregional therapies harnessing electric pulses. Irreversible electroporation (IRE), gene electrotransfer (GET), electrochemotherapy (ECT), calcium electroporation (Ca-EP), and tumour-treating fields (TTF) are integral to the therapeutic strategy in several solid tumours, ranging from skin cancers to visceral and bone metastases.
  • 882
  • 30 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Bioretention Systems Optimization and Design Characterization Model
Urban stormwater has become a persistent concern on a global scale due to its adverse environmental implications. It is the prime vector of aquatic contaminants worldwide that causes pollutants when water bodies drain. Bioretention systems are increasingly used to alleviate setbacks associated with stormwater run-off in urban locales. It has played a substantial role in the implementation of low impact development (LID), a concept that addresses urban stormwater problems caused by land changes and development. The use of LID technologies is an innovative approach.
  • 880
  • 30 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Graphene Nanoplatelets Screen-Printed on Woven and Knitted Fabrics
Although the force/pressure applied onto a textile substrate through a uniaxial compression is constant and independent of the yarn direction, it should be noted that such mechanical action causes a geometric change in the substrate, which can be identified by the reduction in its lateral thickness. Therefore, researchers investigate the influence of the fabric orientation on both knitted and woven pressure sensors, in order to generate knowledge for a better design process during textile piezoresistive sensor development.
  • 880
  • 29 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Unisys ICON
The ICON was a computer built specifically for use in schools, to fill a standard created by the Ontario Ministry of Education. It was based on the Intel 80186 CPU and ran an early version of QNX, a Unix-like operating system. The system was packaged as an all-in-one machine similar to the Commodore PET, and included a trackball for mouse-like control. Over time a number of GUI-like systems appeared for the platform, based on the system's NAPLPS-based graphics system. The ICON was widely used, mostly in high schools in the mid to late 1980s, but disappeared after that time with the widespread introduction of PCs and Apple Macintoshes. They were also known as the CEMCorp ICON, Burroughs ICON, and finally Unisys ICON when Burroughs and Sperry Corporation merged to form Unisys in 1986. The machine was also nicknamed the bionic beaver.
  • 880
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Applications of Optical Sensors in CMOS
CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor)  technology allows integration with the CMOS readout and control electronics in the same microdevice, featuring high-volume fabrication with high-reproducibility and low-cost. Optical sensors in CMOS are being used extensively in the medical field as a key element in spectroscopy analysis. More specifically, they have been a great advance in the detection of gastrointestinal dysplasia and in the studies of Malaria infection. Furthermore, they have been applied in labs-on-a-chip and, more recently, in organs-on-a-chip devices and X-ray imaging. Optical sensors in CMOS are also promising solutions for other types of applications such as, for example, in photovoltaic (PV) sub-modules to measure the angles of incident light in the PV panels.
  • 880
  • 27 Feb 2024
Topic Review
IoT-Based Hybrid AC/DC RES Environment
Smart microgrids, as the foundations of the future smart grid, combine distinct Internet of Things (IoT) designs and technologies for applications that are designed to create, regulate, monitor, and protect the microgrid (MG), particularly as the IoT develops and evolves on a daily basis. Communication networks are critical components of HRES because they allow data to flow between data sources (sensors and meters), control centers, and controllers. The data flow from various elements establishes the system architecture in addition to facilitating the control operation and remote monitoring. Sensing, communication, processing, and actuation will all benefit from IoT technology, which will facilitate a variety of MG applications.
  • 878
  • 08 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Chipspeech
Chipspeech is a vocal synthesizer software which was created by Plogue with the goal of recreating 1980s synthesizers.
  • 876
  • 18 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Recycled Silicon and Silicon-Based Thermoelectrics for Power Generation
Silicon is the second most earth-abundant element in the earth’s crust, and the most abundant element used in modern-day technologies. Its popularity partially stems from the nontoxic and relatively unreactive nature of derivatives, such as silica and silicates, at room temperature. Consequently, the sheer volume of silicon being used has accelerated the rate of production of waste materials.
  • 875
  • 11 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Small-Signal Stability in Microgrid
The microgrid (MG) system is a controlled and supervised power system consisting of renewable energy (RE)-based distributed generation (DG) units, loads, and energy storage. The MG can be operated autonomously or while connected to the grid. Higher intermittencies and uncertainties can be observed in MGs compared to the conventional power system, which is the possible source of small-signal stability in MG systems. It can be seen as disturbances around the stable operating point, which potentially lead to the small-signal instability problem within MGs. Small-signal instability issues also emerge due to the lack of damping torque in the MG. The integration of power electronic devices and complex control algorithms within MGs introduces novel challenges in terms of small-signal stability and possible resonances. The occurrence of interaction in a low- or no-inertia system might worsen the stability margin, leading to undamped oscillatory instability. The interaction within the MG is characterized by various frequency ranges, from low-frequency subsynchronous oscillation to high-frequency ranges around the harmonic frequencies.
  • 872
  • 23 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Topology and Symmetry Analysis of Power Converters
Power converters can convert the electrical energy output by power source into specific forms required by target device. They are widely used in various fields such as electrification, transportation, and power systems, and are the core components of the systems. “Symmetry” means “the quality of being very similar or equal” or “the exact match in size and shape between two halves, parts or sides of something”. Symmetry is an important attribute of power converters. Whether it is a two-level, three-level, or multi-level converter, they all have a certain symmetry in structure， which is referred to as "Topological Symmetry of Power converters". This topological symmetry means that the voltage/current output from each phase of the converter are also symmetrical, with only a specific phase angle difference. Studying this symmetry is helpful for the design, operation analysis, and fault diagnosis of power converters.
  • 871
  • 19 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Energy Optimization Techniques in UAV-Based Cellular Networks
Wireless communication networks have been witnessing unprecedented demand due to the increasing number of connected devices and emerging bandwidth-hungry applications. Although there are many competent technologies for capacity enhancement purposes, such as millimeter wave communications and network densification, there is still room and need for further capacity enhancement in wireless communication networks, especially for the cases of unusual people gatherings, such as sport competitions, musical concerts, etc.  Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have been identified as one of the promising options to enhance capacity due to their easy implementation, pop-up fashion operation, and cost-effective nature. The main idea is to deploy base stations on UAVs and operate them as flying base stations, thereby bringing additional capacity where it is needed. However, UAVs mostly have limited energy storage, hence, their energy consumption must be optimized to increase flight time.
  • 871
  • 17 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Versatile Electronics for Microwave Holographic RADAR
The NATO SPS G-5014 project has shown the possibility of using a holographic RADAR for the detection of anti-personnel mines. To use the RADAR on a robotic scanning system, it must be portable, light, easily integrated with mechanical handling systems and configurable in its operating parameters for optimal performance on different terrains. The novel contribution is to use software programmable electronics to optimize performance and to use a time reference to obtain synchronization between the RADAR samples and the position in space, in order to make it easy to integrate the RADAR on robotic platforms. 
  • 868
  • 14 Oct 2022
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