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Topic Review
Deep Neural Network Implementations
Deep neural networks have recently become increasingly used for a wide range of applications, (e.g., image and video processing). The demand for edge inference is growing, especially in the areas of relevance to the Internet-of-Things. Low-cost microcontrollers as edge devices are a promising solution for optimal application systems from several points of view such as: cost, power consumption, latency, or real-time execution. The implementation of these systems has become feasible due to the advanced development of hardware architectures and DSP capabilities, while the cost and power consumption have been maintained at a low level.
  • 464
  • 14 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Enabling Technologies for Power System Stability Enhancement
The growing attention to environmental issues is leading to an increasing integration of renewable energy sources into electrical grids. This integration process could contribute to power system decarbonization, supporting the diversification of primary energy sources and enhancing the security of energy supply, which is threatened by the uncertain costs of conventional energy sources. Despite these environmental and economical benefits, many technological and regulatory problems should be fixed in order to significantly increase the level of penetration of renewable power generators, which are connected to power transmission and distribution systems via power electronic interfaces. Indeed, these converter-interfaced generators (CIGs) perturb grid operation, especially those fueled by non-programmable energy sources (e.g., wind and solar generators), affecting the system stability and making power systems more vulnerable to dynamic perturbations. To face these issues, the conventional operating procedures based on pre-defined system conditions, which are currently adopted in power system operation tools, should be enhanced in order to allow the “online” solution of complex decision-making problems, providing power system operators with the necessary measures and alerts to promptly adjust the system. A comprehensive analysis of the most promising research directions and the main enabling technologies for addressing this complex issue is presented here.
  • 464
  • 09 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Silicon Radiation Detectors: Basic Principles and Requirements
Silicon radiation detectors are a special type of microelectronic sensor which plays a crucial role in many applications, from industry to medicine, from cultural heritage to environmental monitoring, homeland security and safety (e.g., in nuclear power plants), to cite but a few, as well as in many fields of fundamental and applied research, including high energy physics (HEP), photon science and astronomy. In this entry, the basic principles and requirements are described, with emphasis on technological aspects. 
  • 463
  • 24 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Physiological Computing in Human–Robot Collaboration
Human–robot collaboration has emerged as a prominent research topic. To enhance collaboration and ensure safety between humans and robots, researchers employ a variety of methods. One such method is physiological computing, which aims to estimate a human’s psycho-physiological state by measuring various physiological signals such as galvanic skin response (GSR), electrocardiograph (ECG), heart rate variability (HRV), and electroencephalogram (EEG). This information is then used to provide feedback to the robot.
  • 463
  • 15 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Counterfeit Attack Modes in Microelectronics
As the global supply chain grows more intricate and the prevalence of counterfeit components surges, it becomes paramount to verify the authenticity of electrical chips. The infiltration of counterfeit components, potentially finding their way into electronic equipment, raises concerns as workers contend with mounting client demands. Microelectronics are vital to the healthcare and defense industries, making them vulnerable to counterfeit products.
  • 463
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Hybrid Dragonfly Algorithm for Induction Motors Efficiency Optimization
Induction motors tend to have better efficiency on rated conditions, but at partial load conditions, when these motors operate on rated flux, they exhibit lower efficiency. In such conditions, when these motors operate for a long duration, a lot of electricity gets consumed by the motors, due to which the computational cost as well as the total running cost of industrial plant increases. Squirrel-cage induction motors are widely used in industries due to their low cost, robustness, easy maintenance, and good power/mass relation all through their life cycle. A significant amount of electrical energy is consumed due to the large count of operational units worldwide; hence, even an enhancement in minute efficiency can direct considerable contributions within revenue saving, global electricity consumption, and other environmental facts. Hybrid dragonfly algorithm is a model of induction motor drive is taken, in which the proportional integral (PI) controller is tuned. The optimal tuning of gains of a PI controller such as proportional gain and integral gain is conducted. The tuning procedure in the controller is performed in such a condition that the efficiency of the induction motor should be maximum. Moreover, the optimization concept relies on the development of a new hybrid algorithm, the so-called Scrounger Strikes Levy-based dragonfly algorithm (SL-DA), that hybridizes the concept of dragonfly algorithm (DA) and group search optimization (GSO). 
  • 462
  • 26 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Offshore Renewable Energy
Marine energy resources could be crucial in meeting the increased demand for clean electricity. To enable the use of marine energy resources, developing efficient and durable offshore electrical systems is vital. A DC collection grid can be especially suitable for offshore marine energy resources, since the transmission losses are expected to be lower, and the electrical components could possibly be made smaller. Therefore, five DC collection grid topologies are proposed and qualitatively evaluated for marine energy resources using submerged and non-submerged marine energy converters.
  • 462
  • 18 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Hydrogels Used in Microbial Electrochemical Technologies
Hydrogel materials have been used extensively in microbial electrochemical technology (MET) and sensor development due to their high biocompatibility and low toxicity. With an increasing demand for sensors across different sectors, it is crucial to understand the current state within the sectors of hydrogel METs and sensors. 
  • 462
  • 19 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Development of the Generation of Solar Cells
Solar energy is of prime importance in all renewable energy sources as the Sun shines at the Earth for 8 to 10 h on average. Thus, heat can be harnessed to generate electricity, but solar cells are not substantially efficient because the materials used in them are quite costly and waste a considerable amount of energy, mostly as heat, which subsequently reduces the efficiency of the cell and increases the overall price as well. These challenges can be dealt with by designing more efficient, economical systems of storage and manufacturing PV cells with high efficacy. Scientists and engineers are more inclined toward advanced technologies and material manipulation to enhance the efficiency of solar energy and reduce its cost.
  • 461
  • 06 Jul 2023
Topic Review
IoT Systems for Real-Time Posture Asymmetry Detection
The rise of the Internet of Things (IoT) has enabled the development of measurement systems dedicated to preventing health issues and monitoring conditions in smart homes and workplaces. IoT systems can support monitoring people doing computer-based work and avoid the insurgence of common musculoskeletal disorders related to the persistence of incorrect sitting postures during work hours. 
  • 459
  • 01 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Particle Swarm Optimisation in Internet of Things
The internet of things, a collection of diversified distributed nodes, implies a varying choice of activities ranging from sleep monitoring and tracking of activities, to more complex activities such as data analytics and management. With an increase in scale comes even greater complexities, leading to significant challenges such as excess energy dissipation, which can lead to a decrease in IoT devices’ lifespan. Internet of things’ (IoT) multiple variable activities and ample data management greatly influence devices’ lifespan, making resource optimisation a necessity. Existing methods with respect to aspects of resource management and optimisation are limited in their concern of devices energy dissipation.
  • 458
  • 07 Apr 2024
Topic Review
Single-Stage Converter Grid Stability Improvement Techniques
Many researchers have focused on two-stage converter control (TSCC) and single-stage converter (SSC) control for FCS stability enhancement, and suggested that SSC architectures are superior in performance, unlike the TSCC methods. SSC control techniques provide more accuracy in grid stability improvement via the provision of inertial support through virtual synchronous machine (VSM) control of the rectifier converter. 
  • 455
  • 18 May 2023
Topic Review
Graphene Nanoplatelets Screen-Printed on Woven and Knitted Fabrics
Although the force/pressure applied onto a textile substrate through a uniaxial compression is constant and independent of the yarn direction, it should be noted that such mechanical action causes a geometric change in the substrate, which can be identified by the reduction in its lateral thickness. Therefore, researchers investigate the influence of the fabric orientation on both knitted and woven pressure sensors, in order to generate knowledge for a better design process during textile piezoresistive sensor development.
  • 453
  • 29 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Classical Gas Identification Algorithms for Gas Sensor Array
Electronic noses have been applied in various fields, such as food quality, environmental assessment, coal mine risk prediction, and disease diagnosis. Algorithms can be useful to enhance the performance of the electronic noses, such as correcting drift and predict the exact concentration of each gas in mixtures.
  • 452
  • 24 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Concept and Development of Ordered Charging
As the scale of electric vehicles continues to expand, the charging load of electric vehicles into the network has become an issue that cannot be ignored. The application architecture of ordered charging is summarized. 
  • 452
  • 12 May 2023
Topic Review
Halide Perovskite Materials for Solar Cells
The nomenclature “perovskite” was assigned to this structure in honor of Lev Perovski, the Russian mineralogist who initially unveiled it; since then, the name “perovskites” has been used to describe all materials that share calcium titanate’s crystal structure. The general formula for the perovskite light absorption layer is ABX3, where A is an organic cation (CH3NH3+), B is a metal cation (Pb2+), and X is a halide anion (I−).
  • 451
  • 03 Jul 2023
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Maxwell’s Early Unitary View of Electricity and Fluid Mechanics
In young Maxwell’s eyes, electricity, magnetism and fluid mechanics present analogies that let the first be mathematically grasped in a unitary way similarly to the latter. This entry sketches the first steps of James Clerk Maxwell’s unitary view of electromagnetism and fluid mechanics, with long-lasting effects on understanding the physical world. In his very first paper on the subject, Maxwell interpreted Faraday’s concept of lines of force of both electricity and magnetism as filaments of a flowing fluid. That is, Maxwell suggested to unify the previously distinct fields of electricity and magnetism, considering them as different aspects of the same entity, the ‘electromagnetic field’, which is mathematically described by four partial differential equations. In the literature there are several comprehensive works on Maxwell’s mature exposition of his theory; however, the aim of this entry contribution is rather more limited. Indeed, it is restricted to examining the contributions of Maxwell’s first paper towards developing the idea of electric current as the motion of an incompressible fluid. Thus, this entry highlights the strong connections of Maxwell’s epistemological view with the ‘mechanistic’ approach of the time to every aspect of physical phenomenology. For this purpose, this entry mentions some historical context surrounding the emergence of Maxwell’s innovative concepts.
  • 451
  • 25 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Uncertainty Modelling for Probabilistic Power System Stability Analysis
The increased penetration of system uncertainties related to renewable energy sources, new types of loads and their fluctuations, and deregulation of the electricity markets necessitates probabilistic power system analysis. The abovementioned factors significantly affect the power system stability, which requires computationally intensive simulation, including frequency, voltage, transient, and small disturbance stability. Altogether 40 uncertainty modelling (UM) techniques are collated with their characteristics, advantages, disadvantages, and application areas, particularly highlighting their accuracy and efficiency (as both are crucial for power system stability applications). 
  • 450
  • 17 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Energy Optimization Techniques in UAV-Based Cellular Networks
Wireless communication networks have been witnessing unprecedented demand due to the increasing number of connected devices and emerging bandwidth-hungry applications. Although there are many competent technologies for capacity enhancement purposes, such as millimeter wave communications and network densification, there is still room and need for further capacity enhancement in wireless communication networks, especially for the cases of unusual people gatherings, such as sport competitions, musical concerts, etc.  Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have been identified as one of the promising options to enhance capacity due to their easy implementation, pop-up fashion operation, and cost-effective nature. The main idea is to deploy base stations on UAVs and operate them as flying base stations, thereby bringing additional capacity where it is needed. However, UAVs mostly have limited energy storage, hence, their energy consumption must be optimized to increase flight time.
  • 450
  • 17 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Topology and Symmetry Analysis of Power Converters
Power converters can convert the electrical energy output by power source into specific forms required by target device. They are widely used in various fields such as electrification, transportation, and power systems, and are the core components of the systems. “Symmetry” means “the quality of being very similar or equal” or “the exact match in size and shape between two halves, parts or sides of something”. Symmetry is an important attribute of power converters. Whether it is a two-level, three-level, or multi-level converter, they all have a certain symmetry in structure， which is referred to as "Topological Symmetry of Power converters". This topological symmetry means that the voltage/current output from each phase of the converter are also symmetrical, with only a specific phase angle difference. Studying this symmetry is helpful for the design, operation analysis, and fault diagnosis of power converters.
  • 449
  • 19 Feb 2024
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