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Topic Review
Functionalization of ETL/Perovskite Interface
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have revolutionized the field of photovoltaics, achieving certified power conversion efficiencies reaching 26% at the laboratory scale. High performance, enhanced stability, and long lifetime are prerequisites for the industrialization and commercialization of this class of third-generation photovoltaic technology. The electron transport layer (ETL) plays a pivotal role in obtaining stable perovskite solar cells with a high power conversion efficiency (PCE). It must be characterized by high transparency to visible light, photostability, and compatibility with the perovskite used. Therefore, a thorough comprehension and optimization of the interaction between perovskite materials and TiO2 ETL underlayers, as well as a special focus on the behavior of the corresponding devices, are necessary.
  • 689
  • 15 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Several Organic Pollutants Dyes
The increase in economic activities and the industrialization of countries have caused the growth of pollution created by waste and sewage. In particular, the textile industry produces large amounts of liquid contaminants due to the large amounts of water employed during the production of fabrics. In addition, dyes are another category of organic compound used in many industries, such as pharmaceuticals and rubber making. 
  • 689
  • 07 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Modulation of Enzyme Reactions on DNA Scaffold
Cells have developed intelligent systems to implement the complex and efficient enzyme cascade reactions via the strategies of organelles, bacterial microcompartments and enzyme complexes. The scaffolds such as the membrane or protein in the cell are believed to assist the co-localization of enzymes and enhance the enzymatic reactions. Inspired by nature, enzymes have been located on a wide variety of carriers, among which DNA scaffolds attract great interest for their programmability and addressability. Integrating these properties with the versatile DNA–protein conjugation methods enables the spatial arrangement of enzymes on the DNA scaffold with precise control over the interenzyme distance and enzyme stoichiometry.
  • 688
  • 09 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Single-Molecule Chemical Reactions Unveiled in Molecular Junctions
Understanding chemical processes at the single-molecule scale represents the ultimate limit of analytical chemistry. Single-molecule detection techniques allow one to reveal the detailed dynamics and kinetics of a chemical reaction with unprecedented accuracy. It has also enabled the discoveries of new reaction pathways or intermediates/transition states that are inaccessible in conventional ensemble experiments, which is critical to elucidating their intrinsic mechanisms.
  • 688
  • 12 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Organic Nanosized Materials for CRC
Globally, colorectal cancer (CRC) ranks as one of the most prevalent types of cancers at the moment, being the second cause of cancer-related deaths. The CRC chemotherapy backbone is represented by 5-fluorouracil, oxaliplatin, irinotecan, and their combinations, but their administration presents several serious disadvantages, such as poor bioavailability, lack of tumor specificity, and susceptibility to multidrug resistance. To address these limitations, nanomedicine has arisen as a powerful tool to improve current chemotherapy since nanosized carriers hold great promise in improving the stability and solubility of the drug payload and enhancing the active concentration of the drug that reaches the tumor tissue, increasing, therefore, the safety and efficacy of the treatment.
  • 687
  • 11 May 2021
Topic Review
Platinum-Based Nanoformulations for Glioblastoma Treatment
Therapies for treating Glioblastoma (GB), and brain tumours in general, are inefficient and represent numerous challenges. In addition to surgical resection, chemotherapy and radiotherapy are presently used as standards of care. However, treated patients still face a dismal prognosis with a median survival below 15–18 months. Temozolomide (TMZ) is the main chemotherapeutic agent administered; however, intrinsic or acquired resistance to TMZ contributes to the limited efficacy of this drug. To circumvent the current drawbacks in GB treatment, a large number of classical and non-classical platinum complexes have been prepared and tested for anticancer activity, especially platinum (IV)-based prodrugs. Platinum complexes, used as alkylating agents in the anticancer chemotherapy of some malignancies, are though often associated with severe systemic toxicity (i.e., neurotoxicity), especially after long-term treatments.
  • 685
  • 22 May 2023
Topic Review
Functional Photosensitive Polymeric Nanocarriers
Polymer nanoparticles can be loaded with active compounds entrapped within the core or adsorbed/linked onto the polymeric surface. The advantages of polymer nanoparticles as active principle delivery systems over other particular systems include high drug encapsulation efficiency, intracellular uptake, stability of encapsulated active substances, biocompatibility and biodegradability with tissue and cells, especially when prepared from biopolymers. The polymeric nanocarriers can be nanocapsules, composed of an oily core in which the drug is usually dissolved, dispersed, or embedded, surrounded by a polymeric shell that controls the release profile; and nanospheres, based on a continuous polymeric network in which the drug can be retained inside or adsorbed onto their surface.
  • 680
  • 05 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Applications of Dendritic Polymers in Dentistry
Dendritic polymers represent the well-established 4th class of polymers, next to their conventional linear, branched, and cross-linked counterparts. They are constructed by a central core that is the focal point of radial polymerization and may comprise the same monomeric units as the rest of the macromolecule or a completely different entity that endows the substance with exceptional properties. The main body, i.e., the branched interior, contains the monomers and their characteristic groups. These define the conformation of the cavities and their chemical environment. The periphery contains the end groups that may be decorated with functional groups to adapt to the desired role.
  • 678
  • 07 Sep 2023
Topic Review
On-Surface Synthesis of sp-Carbon Nanostructures
Over the centuries, carbon allotropes have been playing a significant role in material science and engineering due to their outstanding electric, magnetic, optical, and mechanical properties. Compared to traditional carbon materials such as diamond and graphite, carbon nanomaterials consist of carbons with different hybridization types, namely linear (sp), planar (sp2), or tetrahedral (sp3) bond configurations, or even a combination of several types. Owning to the development of STM (scanning tunneling microscope) and nc-AFM (noncontact atomic force microscope), a wide variety of low-dimensional carbon nanostructures have been synthesized and characterized at the atomic scale on surfaces, such as linear polymers comprising of hydrocarbons, graphene nanoribbons, porous graphene, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. In particular, nanostructures containing sp-hybridized carbons are of great advantage for their structural linearity and small steric demands as well as intriguing electronic and mechanical properties. 
  • 677
  • 19 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Functional Groups' Role in Metal Ion Sensing Mechanism
Carbon dots (CDs) are zero-dimensional nanomaterials composed of carbon and surface groups attached to their surface. CDs have a size smaller than 10 nm and have potential applications in different fields such as metal ion detection, photodegradation of pollutants, and bio-imaging, in this research, the capabilities of CDs in metal ion detection will be described. Quantum confinement is generally viewed as the key factor contributing to the uniqueness of CDs characteristics due to their small size and the lack of attention on the surface functional groups and their roles is given, however, in this research, the focus will be on the functional group and the composition of CDs. The surface functional groups depend on two parameters: (i) the oxidation of precursors and (ii) their composition.
  • 675
  • 30 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Optical Imaging-Guided Nanotheranostics
Nanomedicine involves the use of nanotechnology for clinical applications and holds promise to improve treatments. Recent developments offer new hope for cancer detection, prevention and treatment; however, being a heterogenous disorder, cancer calls for a more targeted treatment approach. Nanotheranostics comprise a combination of therapy and diagnostic imaging incorporated in a nanosystem and are developed to fulfill the promise of personalized medicine (PM) by helping in the selection of treatments, the objective monitoring of response and the planning of follow-up therapy. Although well-established imaging techniques, such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Computed Tomography (CT), Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT), are primarily used in the development of theranostics, Optical Imaging (OI) offers some advantages, such as high sensitivity, spatial and temporal resolution and less invasiveness.
  • 670
  • 15 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Nanomaterials for the Treatment of Osteosarcoma
Osteosarcoma (OSA) is a type of bone cancer that begins in the cells that form bones. OSA is a rare mesenchymal bone neoplasm derived from mesenchymal stem cells. Genome disorganization, chromosomal modifications, deregulation of tumor suppressor genes, and DNA repair defects are the factors most responsible for OSA development. Advancements in nanotechnology have made it possible to deliver the drug to various diseases including OSA.
  • 664
  • 05 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Justification and Design Strategies for Magnetic Nanoplatforms
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have evolved tremendously during recent years, in part due to the rapid expansion of nanotechnology and to their active magnetic core with a high surface-to-volume ratio, while their surface functionalization opened the door to a plethora of drug, gene and bioactive molecule immobilization. Taming the high reactivity of the magnetic core was achieved by various functionalization techniques, producing MNPs tailored for the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular or neurological disease, tumors and cancer.
  • 662
  • 02 Sep 2022
Topic Review
I-III-VI2 QDs and Derivatives for Photovoltaic Applications
I–III–VI2 group quantum dots (QDs) have attracted high attention in photoelectronic conversion applications, especially for QD-sensitized solar cells (QDSSCs). Because PV cells allow us to convert solar energy into electricity, these devices represent some of the most promising technology to meet the ever-increasing energy demand. The light-harvesting efficiency of I-III-VI2 QDs is higher than that of TiO2 due to their small bandgap and large absorption coefficient, and the use of these nanocrystals is beneficial for PV cell engineering. Upon light irradiation, electron-hole pairs are generated in I-III-VI2 QDs. When in contact with TiO2, photoexcited electrons from QDs can transfer to the CB of TiO2, and then electrons are further transferred to the external circuit (for example, fluorine-doped tin oxide, FTO). Simultaneously, holes in the VB of QDs are transported to the counter electrode (for example, Au or Pt) to complete the circuit, resulting in the flow of electricity.
  • 658
  • 07 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Coatings for Optimizing Gold Drug Delivery Systems
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are increasingly being used in drug delivery systems due to their unique properties such as high biocompatibility and versatility. However, AuNPs alone can have limitations in terms of stability, cellular uptake, and specificity for certain types of cells. To address these issues, coatings are being developed to optimize AuNP-based drug delivery systems. Coatings can enhance the stability of AuNPs, prevent their aggregation, and improve their targeting and cellular uptake. Different types of coatings such as polymers, peptides, and proteins are being explored for this purpose. The development of coatings for optimizing gold drug delivery systems has the potential to significantly improve the efficacy of cancer therapies and other treatments.
  • 656
  • 23 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Lysosomes in GNM-Based Cancer Therapy
Graphene-based nanomaterials (GNMs), including graphene, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, and graphene quantum dots, may have direct anticancer activity or be used as nanocarriers for antitumor drugs. GNMs usually enter tumor cells by endocytosis and can accumulate in lysosomes. This accumulation prevents drugs bound to GNMs from reaching their targets, suppressing their anticancer effects. A number of chemical modifications are made to GNMs to facilitate the separation of anticancer drugs from GNMs at low lysosomal pH and to enable the lysosomal escape of drugs. Lysosomal escape may be associated with oxidative stress, permeabilization of the unstable membrane of cancer cell lysosomes, release of lysosomal enzymes into the cytoplasm, and cell death. GNMs can prevent or stimulate tumor cell death by inducing protective autophagy or suppressing autolysosomal degradation, respectively.
  • 652
  • 14 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Dynamic Metal Nanoclusters
Dynamic metal nanoclusters refer to a class of nanoscale metallic assemblies that exhibit dynamic behavior or undergo structural transformations under certain conditions. Unlike conventional static nanoclusters, dynamic metal nanoclusters can exhibit changes in their size, shape, composition, or ligand environment, leading to altered properties and functionalities. These dynamic characteristics arise from the inherent flexibility and adaptability of the metal nanocluster structures, allowing them to respond to external stimuli or undergo reversible transformations. The study of dynamic metal nanoclusters has gained significant attention due to their unique properties and potential applications in various fields, including catalysis, optics, electronics, and energy storage.
  • 652
  • 28 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Multi-Functionalized Nanocarriers for Breast Cancer Therapy
Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most prevalent cancers in women. This type of malignancy often starts from ductal hyper-proliferation with its expansion into benign tumors or metastatic carcinomas resulting from exposure to carcinogenic agents. This disease exhibits not only a great deal of heterogeneity but also a great deal of variation in its occurrence, treatment response, progression, and even location of metastasis. Multifunctional nanocarriers include polymeric nanoparticles (NPs), self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS), liposomes, and mesoporous inorganic NPs. 
  • 645
  • 02 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Print-Light-Synthesis of Electrodes
Print-Light-Synthesis combines ink-based digital printing of thin liquid metal precursor films with high intensity light irradiation for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles and metal films. The method is generally applied to produce two-dimensional patterns of metal nanoparticles by printing a thin liquid film containing one or more metal precursors onto a target substrate and immediately reducing the metal precursors to metal nanoparticles by light exposure of the as-deposited thin liquid film. The process must be adjusted in a way that (i) the precursor reduction is at least as fast as printing and (ii) the light intensity is sufficient for highly efficient photo-induced processes. Otherwise, incomplete metal precursor reduction will occur. The metal precursor inks do not contain any stabilizing agents that are generally added in alternative wet chemical methods for nanoparticle synthesis. Print-Light-Synthesis is designed in such a way that pure nanomaterials remain on the substrate, while all other ink components, such as the solvents and other dissolved species, generate gases or evaporate at moderate temperatures. The use of mask-less digital printing techniques provides a large flexibility in terms of pattern design, pattern modification, and process optimization. Inkjet printing provides a high control of the desired metal loading on the substrate, simply by adjusting the ink composition and printing parameters, such as number of droplets per substrate area. Films of separate nanoparticles, inter-connected nanoparticles and complex nanostructures can be prepared. Print-Light-Synthesis can be used to reduce or oxidise metal precursors, depending on the target oxidation state of the metal.
  • 645
  • 20 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Microfluidic Synthesis of Halide Perovskite
Halide perovskites are increasingly exploited as semiconducting materials in diverse optoelectronic applications, including light emitters, photodetectors, and solar cells. The halide perovskite can be easily processed in solution, making microfluidic synthesis possible. 
  • 640
  • 12 Oct 2022
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