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Topic Review
Bone: An Outstanding Composite Material
Bone is an outstanding, well-designed composite. It is constituted by a multi-level structure wherein its properties and behavior are dependent on its composition and structural organization at different length scales. The combination of unique mechanical properties with adaptive and self-healing abilities makes bone an innovative model for the future design of synthetic biomimetic composites with improved performance in bone repair and regeneration. 
  • 1.7K
  • 16 May 2022
Topic Review
Additive Manufacturing
Additive manufacturing, which is also known as 3D printing, is an emerging and growing technology. It is providing significant innovations and improvements in many areas such as engineering, production, medicine, and more. 3D food printing is an area of great promise to provide an indulgence or entertaining experience, personalized food product, or specific nutritional needs. This entry reviews the additive manufacturing methods and materials in detail as well as their advantages and disadvantages. After a full discussion of 3D food printing, the reports on edible printed materials are briefly presented and discussed. In the end, the current and future outlook of additive manufacturing in the food industry is shown.
  • 1.6K
  • 09 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Hemorheology
Hemorheology, the study of cell deformation and blood flow, has been more focused on red blood cells (RBCs) rheology, relating the deformation and aggregation of RBCs, since erythrocytes comprise the major components in blood. Blood rheology can be used as an important clinical assay, correlating various aspects of blood rheology and associated changes in cell behavior and morphology to a wide range of diseases and health conditions.
  • 1.6K
  • 05 Jan 2021
Topic Review
3D Cell Culture
A 3D cell culture is an artificially created environment in which biological cells are permitted to grow or interact with their surroundings in all three dimensions. Unlike 2D environments (e.g. a Petri dish), a 3D cell culture allows cells in vitro to grow in all directions, similar to how they would in vivo. These three-dimensional cultures are usually grown in bioreactors, small capsules in which the cells can grow into spheroids, or 3D cell colonies. Approximately 300 spheroids are usually cultured per bioreactor.
  • 1.6K
  • 30 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Magnetoencephalography
Magnetoencephalography (MEG) is a functional brain imaging technique that measures magnetic flux on the surface of the head associated with underlying neuronal electrical dipoles.
  • 1.6K
  • 08 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Soft Robot-Assisted Minimally Invasive Surgery
A number of robot-assisted MIS systems have been developed to product level and are now well-established clinical tools; Intuitive Surgical’s very successful da Vinci Surgical System a prime example. The majority of these surgical systems are based on the traditional rigid-component robot design that was instrumental in the third industrial revolution—especially within the manufacturing sector. However, the use of this approach for surgical procedures on or around soft tissue has come under increasing criticism. The dangers of operating with a robot made from rigid components both near and within a patient are considerable.
  • 1.6K
  • 26 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Polymeric Membranes for CO2 Capture
CO2 capture from coal- or natural gas-derived flue gas has been widely considered as the next opportunity for the large-scale deployment of gas separation membranes.  Despite the tremendous progress made in the synthesis of polymeric membranes with high CO2/N2 separation performance, only a few membrane technologies were advanced to the bench-scale study or above from a highly idealized laboratory setting.  Therefore, recent progress in polymeric membranes is reviewed in the perspectives of capture system energetics, process synthesis, membrane scale-up, modular fabrication, and field tests.  These engineering considerations can provide a holistic approach to better guide membrane research and accelerate the commercialization of gas separation membranes for post-combustion carbon capture.
  • 1.5K
  • 08 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Rigenera® Micrografts in Oral Regeneration
Biomaterials derive either from nature or synthesized in the laboratory using chemical approaches utilizing metallic components, polymers, ceramics, or composite materials. They are often used and adapted for medical applications. A biomaterial is also defined as autograft, allograft, or xenograft used as a transplant material. In the last decade also tissue engineering and stem cells were deeply studied trying to make better autologous biomaterials ready to be used in regenerative procedures. Micrografts are a new concept of biomaterial, they are enriched of progenitor cells that are a particular type of stem cell excellent in enhancing the regenerative potential. Moreover, another advantage is the easy handling and tissue availability.
  • 1.5K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Interleukin-4 and Interleukin-13 Induced Atopic Dermatitis
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease associated with widespread barrier dysfunction and T helper 2 (Th2) cytokines. AD is an imbalance in the Th2 immune response where there is an increase in the gene expression levels of major Th2 cytokines during the acute phase.
  • 1.5K
  • 07 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Carbon Nanofibers
Carbon nanofibers are nano-sized fibers that have a high degree of crystalline orientation. In recent years, ecological issues have led to the search for new green materials from biomass as precursors for producing carbon materials. Such green materials are more attractive than traditional petroleum-based materials, which are environmentally harmful and non-biodegradable.
  • 1.5K
  • 02 May 2021
Topic Review
Fetal Acidosis
Fetal acidosis or intrauterine hypoxia refers to a condition of deprived short supply of oxygen below the physiologic level of normal blood, which is defined as pH ≤ 7.25.
  • 1.5K
  • 18 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Low-Cost Doppler Radar Structural Monitoring
Low-Cost Microwave Doppler Radar Systems is an alternative noncontact solution for structural condition monitoring. In addition, by leveraging their capability of providing the target velocity information, the radar-based remote monitoring of complex rotating structures can also be accomplished. Modern radar systems are compact, able to be easily integrated in sensor networks, and can deliver high accuracy measurements.
  • 1.5K
  • 05 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Soil as a Biological System
I have summarized the in issues discussed in the mini review that I have published in 2020. Starting from the seven grand questions described by Selman Waksman in 1927 I have discussed the main known aspects of soil as a biological system, the main research approaches and one knowledge gap for each question.
  • 1.5K
  • 10 Jul 2020
Topic Review
3D Bioprinting Technology
3D bioprinting, an additive manufacturing process, is a pioneering technology that prints 3D structures with biocompatible materials including living cells (i.e., bioinks).
  • 1.5K
  • 22 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Pineapple Leaf Fiber
Evidence-based research had shown that elevated alkali treatment of pineapple leaf fiber(PALF) compromised the mechanical properties of the fiber. In this work, PALF was subjected todifferential alkali concentrations: 1, 3, 6, and 9% wt/wt to study the influence on the mechanicaland crystal properties of the fiber. The crystalline and mechanical properties of untreated and alkali-treatedPALF samples were investigated by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), Fourier transforms infraredspectroscopy (FTIR), and tensile testing analysis. The XRD results indicated that crystal propertiesof the fibers were modified with 6% wt/wt alkali-treated PALF recording the highest crystallinityand crystallite size of 76% and 24 nm, respectively. The FTIR spectra suggested that all alkali-treatedPALF samples underwent lignin and hemicellulose removal to varying degrees. An increase in thecrystalline properties improved the mechanical properties of the PALF treated with alkali at 6%wt/wt, which has the highest tensile strength (1620 MPa). Although the elevated alkali treatmentresulted in decreased mechanical properties of PALF, crystallinity generally increased. The findingsrevealed that the mechanical properties of PALF not only improve with increasing crystallinity andcrystallite size but are also dependent on the intermediate bond between adjacent cellulose chains.
  • 1.5K
  • 20 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Nanostructured Materials-Enabled Biosensors
A biosensor is an integrated receptor-transducer device, which can convert a biological response into an electrical signal.
  • 1.5K
  • 18 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Drug Resistance Mechanisms in Tuberculosis
The increased incidence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) strains, defined as resistant to at least isoniazid and rifampin, the two highly bactericidal first-line drugs, is a major concern for tuberculosis (TB) control. The worldwide estimate of almost half a million incident cases of MDR/rifampin-resistant TB, is causing increasing concern. In this view, it is important to continuously update the knowledge on the mechanisms involved in the development of drug-resistant TB. Clinical, biological and microbiological reasons account for the generation of resistance, including: (i) nonadherence of patients to their therapy, and/or errors of physicians in therapy management, (ii) complexity and poor vascularization of granulomatous lesions, which obstruct drug distribution to some sites, resulting in resistance development, (iii) intrinsic drug resistance of tubercle bacilli, (iv) formation of non-replicating, drug-tolerant bacilli inside the granulomas, (v) development of mutations in Mtb genes, which are the most important molecular mechanisms of resistance. Here, a piece of information on the interplay of these factors is provided, to facilitate the clinical and microbiological management of drug-resistant TB at the global level, with attention also to the most recent diagnostic methods.
  • 1.5K
  • 21 Apr 2020
Topic Review
The Surface of the Eye
Drug delivery to the internal ocular structures remains an important and relevant topic owing to the unique immune privileges of the eye which limit the success of systemic injections. The need to prevent and/or treat several common conditions, including age-related macular degeneration, endophthalmitis, retinal degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and cataracts, has motivated the development of pharmaceuticals that require entry into the eye and extended residency to be most effective. The ocular surface is a surprisingly diverse portion of the eye, consisting of multiple tissues and glands. From a diagnostic standpoint, ocular surface disease may appear on the inside of the eyelid, on the cornea, on the conjunctiva, and in any of the associated glands. The ocular surface also offers an attractive option for drug delivery due to its relative ease of application and minimally invasive approach.
  • 1.4K
  • 24 May 2022
Topic Review
Incorporating Glycosaminoglycans in Collagen Hydrogels
Collagen, the most abundant protein in mammals, has garnered the interest of scientists for over 50 years. Its ubiquitous presence in all body tissues combined with its excellent biocompatibility has led scientists to study its potential as a biomaterial for a wide variety of biomedical applications with a high degree of success and widespread clinical approval. More recently, in order to increase their tunability and applicability, collagen hydrogels have frequently been co-polymerized with other natural and synthetic polymers. Of special significance is the use of bioactive glycosaminoglycans—the carbohydrate-rich polymers of the ECM responsible for regulating tissue homeostasis and cell signaling. This review covers the recent advances in the development of collagen-glycosaminoglycan blend hydrogels for translational biomedical research.
  • 1.4K
  • 16 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Carbon as a Biomaterial for Scaffold Development
A scaffold is a crucial biological substitute designed to aid the treatment of damaged tissue caused by trauma and disease. Various scaffolds are developed with different materials, known as biomaterials, and have shown to be a potential tool to facilitate in vitro cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation. Among the materials studied, carbon materials are potential biomaterials that can be used to develop scaffolds for cell growth. Many researchers have attempted to build a scaffold following the origin of the tissue cell by mimicking the pattern of their extracellular matrix (ECM). In addition, extensive studies were performed on the various parameters that could influence cell behaviour. Previous studies have shown that various factors should be considered in scaffold production, including the porosity, pore size, topography, mechanical properties, wettability, and electroconductivity, which are essential in facilitating cellular response on the scaffold. These interferential factors will help determine the appropriate architecture of the carbon-based scaffold, influencing stem cell (SC) response.
  • 1.4K
  • 28 Mar 2022
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