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Topic Review
Dendrimers
Today, dendrimers are the main nanoparticle applied to drug delivery systems. The physicochemical characteristics of dendrimers and their versatility structural modification make them attractive to applied as a platform to bioactive molecules transport. Nanoformulations based on dendrimers enhance low solubility drugs, arrival to the target tissue, drugs bioavailability, and controlled release. This review describes the latter approaches on the transport of bioactive molecules based on dendrimers. The review focus is on the last therapeutic strategies addressed by dendrimers conjugated with bioactive molecules. A brief review of the latest studies in therapies against cancer and cardiovascular diseases, as well as future projections in the area, are addressed.
  • 1.8K
  • 17 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Application of electrospun nanocomposites on removal of harmful substances
Nanomaterials and nanotechnology will undoubtedly become core materials and technologies in advanced materials and technologies. In recent years, nanomaterials and nanotechnology have been widely used in environmental restoration due to their low cost, high efficiency, and other advantages. In this study, the high-performance polyurethane/rare earth (PU/RE) composite nanomaterials were fabricated via electrospinning. The electrospun nanomaterials for adsorption of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in air was thoroughly investigated. The PU nanofiber containing 50 wt. % RE powder had the smallest fiber diameter of 356 nm; it also showed the highest VOC absorption capacity compared with other composite membranes, having an absorption capacity about three times greater than pure PU nanofibers.
  • 1.8K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Calcium Phosphate Nanocluster Complexes
Calcium phosphate nanocluster complexes comprise a core of amorphous calcium phosphate and a sequestering shell of intrinsically disordered phosphopeptides or phosphoproteins. Solutions containing the nanocluster complexes can be thermodynamically stable or metastable due to a tendency to form a precipitate enriched in calcium phosphate. Theoretical and biophysical studies with native and recombinant phosphopeptides have shown how the radius of the core and the stability of the solution depend on the concentration of the sequestering peptide, its affinity for the calcium phosphate and its concentration in relation to the concentration of the calcium phosphate. The thickness of the sequestering shell depends on the conformation of the peptide on the core surface. A sequestering peptide is a flexible sequence including one or more short linear motifs, each of which usually contains several phosphorylated and other acidic residues.  These are the main binding sites to the core so that a peptide with several binding motifs can forms loops and trains on the core surface. Calcium phosphate nanocluster complexes were first identified as substructures of casein micelles in milk and have been prepared as individual particles from peptides derived from caseins and osteopontin. Stable biofluids containing nanocluster complexes cannot cause soft tissues to become mineralized whereas stable or metastable biofluids containing nanocluster complexes can help to mineralize hard tissues.
  • 1.7K
  • 09 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Biocomposites
Biocomposites are an emerging material class with the potential to reduce a product’s through-life environmental impact relative to wholly synthetic composites. As with most materials, there are challenges and opportunities with the adoption of biocomposites at the each stage of the life cycle.
  • 1.7K
  • 15 Apr 2021
Topic Review
ROS-Responsive Cell Harvesting Methods
Cell sheet engineering has evolved rapidly over the last few years and as a new approach for cell-based therapy. Cell sheet harvest technology is important for producing viable, transplantable cell sheets and applying them to tissue engineering. To date, various approaches have been reported for harvesting cell sheets by inducing property changes of the culture surface such as wettability, pH, electricity, and magnetism. This section provides a comprehensive introduction to reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the progress of new strategies for applying ROS in cell sheet detachment.
  • 1.7K
  • 13 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Biorefinery of agroindustrial banana waste
Life cycle system of second-generation ethanol production from rachis of banana.
  • 1.7K
  • 27 Aug 2020
Topic Review
Novel Excipients Used in Modified Release Vaginal Formulations
The formulation of an ideal vaginal drug delivery system (DDS), with the requisite properties, with respect to safety, efficacy, patient compliance, aesthetics, harmonization with the regulatory requirements, and cost, requires a meticulous selection of the active ingredients and the excipients used. Novel excipients defined by diversity and multifunctionality are used in order to ameliorate drug delivery attributes. Synthetic and natural polymers are broadly used in pharmaceutical vaginal formulations (solid, semi-solid dosage forms, implantable devices, and nanomedicines) with a promising perspective in improving stability and compatibility issues when administered topically or systemically. Moreover, the use of biopolymers is aiming towards formulating novel bioactive, biocompatible, and biodegradable DDSs with a controllable drug release rate. 
  • 1.7K
  • 14 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Maxillofacial Prosthodontics
A maxillofacial prosthesis, an alternative to surgery for the rehabilitation of patients with facial disabilities (congenital or acquired due to malignant disease or trauma), are meant to replace parts of the face or missing areas of bone and soft tissue and restore oral functions such as swallowing, speech and chewing, with the main goal being to improve the quality of life of the patients.
  • 1.6K
  • 20 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Tannylated Calcium Carbonate Materials
Calcium carbonate (CaCO3)-based materials have received notable attention for biomedical applications owing to their safety and beneficial characteristics, such as pH sensitivity, carbon dioxide (CO2) gas generation, and antacid properties. Herein, to additionally incorporate antioxidant and anti-inflammatory functions, we prepared tannylated CaCO3 (TA-CaCO3) materials using a simple reaction between tannic acid (TA), calcium (Ca2+), and carbonate (CO32−) ions. TA-CaCO3 synthesized at a molar ratio of 1:75 (TA:calcium chloride (CaCl2)/sodium carbonate (Na2CO3)) showed 3–6 μm particles, comprising small nanoparticles in a size range of 17–41 nm. The TA-CaCO3 materials could efficiently neutralize the acid solution and scavenge free radicals. 
  • 1.6K
  • 12 May 2021
Topic Review
Orthopedic Bioimplants
Significant research and development in the field of biomedical implants has evoked the scope to treat a broad range of orthopedic ailments that include fracture fixation, total bone replacement, joint arthrodesis, dental screws, and others. The success of a bioimplant depends not only upon its bulk properties, but also on its surface properties that influence its interaction with the host tissue. Various approaches of surface modification such as coating of nanomaterial have been employed to enhance antimicrobial activities of a bioimplant. These strategies showed promising results in orthopedics, e.g., improved bone repair and regeneration. However, the choice of materials, especially considering their degradation behavior and surface properties, plays a key role in long-term reliability and performance of bioimplants. Metallic biomaterials have evolved largely in terms of their bulk and surface properties including nano-structuring with nanomaterials to meet the requirements of new generation orthopedic bioimplants.
  • 1.6K
  • 31 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Burn Pathophysiology
Burns are a widespread global public health traumatic injury affecting many people worldwide. Non-fatal burn injuries are a leading cause of morbidity, resulting in prolonged hospitalization, disfigurement, and disability, often with resulting stigma and rejection. The treatment of burns is aimed at controlling pain, removing dead tissue, preventing infection, reducing scarring risk, and tissue regeneration. 
  • 1.6K
  • 26 May 2023
Topic Review
All-Cellulose Composites
Wood- or plant-based cellulose fibres have shown their potential as a reinforcement in composites for a relatively long time alongside the commonly used glass-fibre and carbon-fibre reinforcements. Whereas regular biocomposites suffer from fibre-matrix adhesion-related challenges, all-cellulose composites (ACCs) can overcome this problem by both matrix and reinforcement having the same or a similar chemical structure, which results in good interfacial compatibility. ACCs can provide an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional petrochemical-based materials since they are a type of single-polymer composites (SPCs) from biomass-derived cellulose, and as such, they are easily recyclable, and they originate from renewable sources.
  • 1.6K
  • 17 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Technologies for Detecting Oxygen Vacancies
A perovskite catalyst combined with various advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) to treat organic wastewater attracted extensive attention. The physical and chemical catalytic properties of perovskite were largely related to oxygen vacancies (OVs). OVs were able to alter the chemical, physical, and electronic properties of materials, so they became one of the most important research subjects. It was usually necessary to observe and analyze the phenomenon caused by OVs; however, due to their low concentration and short existence time, OVs were normally not visible to the naked eye. The relative concentration of OVs ranged from PPM to tens of atomic percent, a condition that was difficult to find a fitting experimental plan to characterize and distinguish OVs. 
  • 1.6K
  • 02 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Tapered Optical Fiber Configurations
Understanding environmental information is necessary for functions correlated with human activities to improve healthcare quality and reduce ecological risk. Tapered optical fibers reduce some limitations of such devices and can be considerably more responsive to fluorescence and absorption properties changes.
  • 1.6K
  • 05 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Thermoresponsive Hydrogel Molecule
Temperature-induced, rapid changes in the viscosity and reproducible 3-D structure formation makes thermos-sensitive hydrogels an ideal delivery system to act as a cell scaffold or a drug reservoir. Moreover, the hydrogels’ minimum invasiveness, high biocompatibility, and facile elimination from the body have gathered a lot of attention from researchers.
  • 1.6K
  • 08 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Bioadhesive Biomaterials for Medical Application
This entry deliberates about the importance of polymer based bioadhesive biomaterial’s medical application in healthcare and redefining healthcare management. Nowadays application of bioadhesion in health sector is one of the great interest for various researchers, due to its recent advances in their formulation development. Actually, this area of study is considered as an active multidisciplinary research approach, where engineers, scientists—including chemists, physicists, biologists, and medical experts—materials’ producers, and manufacturers combine their knowledge in order to provide a better healthcare. Moreover, while discussing about the implications of value-based healthcare, it is necessary to mention that health comprises three main domains namely: physical, mental, and social health that prioritized not only the quality healthcare, but it also enables to measure the outcomes of medical interventions. In addition, this conceptual article provides an understanding about the consequences of natural or synthetic polymer based bioadhesion of biomaterials and its significance for redefining healthcare management as a novel approach. Furthermore, research assumptions highlights that the quality healthcare concept has recently become a burning topic where, healthcare service providers, private research institutes, government authorities, public service boards, associations and academics took initiative to restructure the health care system to create value for patients and increase their satisfaction, and lead ultimately to a healthier society.
  • 1.5K
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Interleukin-4 and Interleukin-13 Induced Atopic Dermatitis
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease associated with widespread barrier dysfunction and T helper 2 (Th2) cytokines. AD is an imbalance in the Th2 immune response where there is an increase in the gene expression levels of major Th2 cytokines during the acute phase.
  • 1.5K
  • 07 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Skin Substitutes
The skin plays an important role in the maintenance of the human's body physiological homeostasis. It acts as a coverage that protects against infective microorganism or biomechanical impacts. Skin is also implied in thermal regulation and fluid balance. However, skin can suffer several damages that impede normal wound-healing responses and lead to chronic wounds. Since the use of autografts, allografts, and xenografts present source limitations and intense rejection associated problems, bioengineered artificial skin substitutes (BASS) have emerged as a promising solution to address these problems. The advances that have been produced on tissue engineering techniques have enabled improving and developing new arising skin substitutes. Despite this, currently available skin substitutes have many drawbacks, and an ideal skin substitute has not been developed yet. The translation of cell‐based arising skin substitutes to clinical application represents one of the critical challenges on tissue engineering and it has to be overcome with the aim of offering each patient the more efficient therapy that fits with his clinical case and allows him having a good quality of life.
  • 1.5K
  • 19 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Hyaluronic acid-based theranostic nanomedicines
Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a natural mucopolysaccharide and has many useful advantages, including biocompatibility, non-immunogenicity, chemical versatility, non-toxicity, biodegradability, and high hydrophilicity. Numerous tumor cells overexpress several receptors that have a high binding affinity for HA, while these receptors are poorly expressed in normal body cells. HA-based drug delivery carriers can offer improved solubility and stability of anticancer drugs in biological environments and allow for the targeting of cancer treatments. Based on these benefits, HA has been widely investigated as a promising material for developing the advanced clinical cancer therapies in various formulations, including nanoparticles, micelles, liposomes, and hydrogels, combined with other materials.
  • 1.5K
  • 31 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Nanoparticles as Electroactive Labels
Nanoparticles are emerging materials with outstanding potential for their use as labels in electrochemical immunosensing. Gold, silver and  quantum dots are the main components of such particles, thanks to their direct electroactivity (redox properties). Protein biomarkers of a variety of diseases, including tumour cells, are the target analytes on which such electrochemical immunosensors have been mostly applied.
  • 1.5K
  • 13 Oct 2021
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