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Sun, H.;  Li, J.;  Liu, M.;  Yang, D.;  Li, F. Application of Laser-Induced Periodic Surface Structures (LIPSS). Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/32713 (accessed on 03 July 2024).
Sun H,  Li J,  Liu M,  Yang D,  Li F. Application of Laser-Induced Periodic Surface Structures (LIPSS). Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/32713. Accessed July 03, 2024.
Sun, Hongfei, Jiuxiao Li, Mingliang Liu, Dongye Yang, Fangjie Li. "Application of Laser-Induced Periodic Surface Structures (LIPSS)" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/32713 (accessed July 03, 2024).
Sun, H.,  Li, J.,  Liu, M.,  Yang, D., & Li, F. (2022, November 03). Application of Laser-Induced Periodic Surface Structures (LIPSS). In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/32713
Sun, Hongfei, et al. "Application of Laser-Induced Periodic Surface Structures (LIPSS)." Encyclopedia. Web. 03 November, 2022.
Application of Laser-Induced Periodic Surface Structures (LIPSS)
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This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/coatings12101596

As a laser technology, the femtosecond laser is used in biomedical fields due to its excellent performance—its ultrashort pulses, high instantaneous power, and high precision. As a surface treatment process, the femtosecond laser can prepare different shapes on metal surfaces to enhance the material’s properties, such as its wear resistance, wetting, biocompatibility, etc. Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSSs) are a common phenomenon that can be observed on almost any material after irradiation by a linearly polarized laser. Surface texturing by laser irradiation can change various materials’ properties and create multifunctional surfaces. Materials can be better applied by customizing functional surfaces.

laser-induced periodic surface structures femtosecond laser processing functional surfaces application

1. Structural Color

One of the most obvious applications of LIPSSs is optics. Since their period is in the same range as the radiation wavelength of visible light, they can effectively act as a diffraction grating, producing a “structural color”. B. Dusser et al. [1] studied how to change the direction of the ripples to transmit information onto metal surfaces, creating a portrait of Vincent van Gogh on stainless steel surfaces (Figure 1A). Wang Chao et al. [2] prepared LIPSSs on a Ti6Al4V surface by laser irradiation, and observed differences in the laser texture color under natural light, and the surface color changes with the changes in the laser parameters (Figure 1B). Figure 1B(a) shows an optical image of the sample after laser irradiation, which includes “nine-squares” and “JLU”. Figure 1B(b) lists the laser parameters corresponding to each square. As shown in Figure 1B(c), when captured in a dark environment, the difference in colors in the “nine squares” is evident. Moreover, as shown in Figure 1B(d), when changing the shooting angle, the “JLU” could present various colors. The results in Figure 1 show that the LIPSS has potential applications for Ti6Al4V surface coloring. Different colors can be observed by changing the laser parameters to regulate the period and direction of the LIPSS, as well as the incident light and the viewing angle [3][4][5][6][7]. High-quality and regular LIPSSs are prepared in large areas on metal surfaces, making it possible to apply them to optical sensors, anti-counterfeiting, decoration, and laser marking, etc.
Figure 1. (A) Ref. [1] A portrait of Vincent van Gogh on stainless steel surfaces. (B) Ref. [2] (a) Optical images of the sample after laser irradiation, and (b) the corresponding laser parameters (P, Laser power; f, Laser repetition frequency; r, Pulse overlap rate between two adjacent scanning lines). (c) shows the optical images “nine-squares” captured in the dark environment, and (d) shows the color change in “JLU” when changing the shooting angle.

2. Wetting Behavior

The wetting behavior of LIPSSs has attracted the attention of many researchers. In general, the wettability of liquids to solid surfaces depends on three major factors: (1) the surface energy of the solids and liquids, (2) the viscosity of the liquids, and (3) the surface morphology of the solids. Surface topography can significantly affect the contact angle of droplets placed on the surface. Figure 2 shows that the surface morphology has a great effect on surface roughness and contact angle. The variation in the contact angles (θM) measured for 15 samples irradiated at different laser fluences is presented in Figure 2a. As the laser fluence increases, the contact angle increases. Figure 2b shows different surface morphologies and the increase in contact angle of the water droplets on different surface structures. The water contact angle measurement shows that the femtosecond laser treatment of Au turns its originally hydrophilic surface (θM~74°) into a hydrophobic surface (θM~108°). The θM measurements indicate that as the surface nano/microstructures increase, the θM significantly increases as well. Numerous studies [8][9][10][11][12][13] have shown that bioinspired surfaces with superwettability can be prepared using ultrashort pulse lasers. Alexandre Cunha et al. [14] generated hydrophilic surface textures on the surface of Ti–6Al–4V alloys by femtosecond laser processing. They show that the surface treatment of metal surfaces with femtosecond lasers is an effective technique for improving surface wettability. A. Y. Vorobyev et al. [15] prepared superhydrophobic and self-cleaning multifunctional surfaces using femtosecond laser pulses. Research by Erin Liu et al. [16] demonstrates that femtosecond fiber lasers can form layered structures on metal surfaces, demonstrating superhydrophobic, self-cleaning, and light-trapping properties. Sohail A. Jalil et al. [17] investigated the surface structure of femtosecond laser-induced gold (Au) and its effect on hydrophobicity. The result shows that the femtosecond laser processing turns originally hydrophilic Au into a superhydrophobic surface. It can be seen that surfaces with superwettability have a significant impact on other fields, such as for sensors, thermal management, biomedicine, etc. The long-term stability of LIPSSs’ surface wetting properties (e.g., hydrophobicity or hydrophilicity) in applications will be a popular topic in the future.
Figure 2. Ref. [17] (a) The measured contact angle values as a function of laser fluence. (b) The contact angle values measured on the initial surface roughness at low fluence. Corresponding surface morphologies are depicted in the insets.

3. Biomedical Applications

Another promising application area for LIPSS is biomedicine, which can inhibit the formation of bacterial biofilm and affect cell growth. Laser texturing has been used in the biomedical field as a method of altering surface morphology to potentially improve osseointegration [18][19][20][21]. Research [22][23][24][25] has shown that different surface topographies have a great influence on cell growth. Kai Borcherding et al. [26] described the adhesion and shape of osteoblast-like cells (MG-63) after laser treatment of titanium alloys. Compared to pure titanium, the cell viability was improved on the structured surface, indicating good cytocompatibility. Alexandre Cunha et al. [18] prepared three types of surface textures by femtosecond laser: LIPSSs, nanopillars, and microcolumns covered with LIPSSs. Compared with the polished reference group, the cell area and adhesion area of human mesenchymal stem cells on the surface of the laser-treated titanium alloy are reduced. Xiao Luo et al. [27] applied femtosecond laser irradiation to produce three types of nano-ripples on the surface of pure titanium, and to investigate their anti-bacterial behavior and their biocompatibility. The three types of nano-ripples include LIPSSs (type 1 textures), nano-ripples interrupted by grooves (type 2 textures), and columns with overlapping LIPSS (type 3 textures). The control group is the mechanical polishing group. The results shows that three types of nano-ripples can prevent bacterial colonization and biofilm formation. As demonstrated in Figure 3a, the staining of F-actin and the nucleus shows the adhesion states of rat mesenchymal stem cells on the substrate surfaces. The red fluorescence is from Rhodamine cyclopeptide-stained F-actin. The blue fluorescence is from the DAPI-stained cell nucleus. The arrow indicates the direction of cell diffusion. As can be seen from Figure 3b, the spread of cells is oriented. Compared to the polished titanium, the spreading areas of laser-fabricated samples are significantly larger, which means the adhesion sites offered by the three types of nano-ripples are beneficial to cell attachment. Ning Liu et al. [28] uses femtosecond laser surface modification to establish a nano-ripple structure on the Fe-30Mn alloy surface. Compared to the polished sample, the nano-ripple structure surface exhibited a significant improvement in the biodegradation rate. Cell growth depends on the size of the surface topography of the material, so controlling the size of the surface morphology may be a key factor in controlling cell function. By using femtosecond lasers for surface modification, different surface properties can be prepared on the implant. Using a femtosecond laser to fabricate nano-ripples and grooves on the surface of materials is a promising way to improve the performance of the implant material.
Figure 3. Ref. [27] Mesenchymal stem cells’ adhesion on the polished surfaces and three types of nano-ripples after 72 h of incubations. (a) Fluorescence images of cytoskeletons; (b) SEM images of MSCs’ adhesion states for the three types of nano-ripples. The both arrow indicates the direction of cell diffusion.

4. Reduction in Friction and Wear

LIPSS can exhibit beneficial tribological properties by reducing frictional wear. Surface topography and roughness have a significant impact on friction and wear [29]. Numerous studies [30][31][32][33] have shown that laser processing to prepare specific surface textures is an effective technique to improve surface friction performance. Jörn Bonse et al. [34] presented the latest advances in femtosecond laser surface texturing, observing the tribological properties of steel and the titanium alloy surface morphology (ripples, grooves, and spikes). Compared to the wear tracks on the surface of the polished sample, the wear tracks in the femtosecond laser processing area are almost invisible. The reason for its significant abrasion resistance is the LIPSS generated during the laser surface treatment. Figure 4 shows a sketch of the reciprocating sliding tribological test geometry (Figure 4a) along with top-view optical micrographs of the generated wear tracks on the polished Ti6Al4V alloy surface (Figure 4b) and the Spike-covered surface (Figure 4c). Additionally, top-view SEM micrographs revealing details from the wear tracks are presented (Figure 4d: initially polished, Figure 4e: LSFL, Figure 4f: Grooves, Figure 4g: Spikes). It is evident that on all laser-generated morphologies, the topmost regions have been partly worn, but the structures were not removed. The wear track and surface damage left on the polished surface is much larger than that in the laser-processed regions. The research of C. Florian et al. [35] demonstrated that femtosecond laser ablation forms a nanoscale morphology on the metal surface, resulting in a significant reduction in its coefficient of friction. Femtosecond laser treatments of metal surfaces inhibit adhesion tendencies by reducing the contact area, and the improvement in the tribological properties is due to the combined effect of LIPSSs.
Figure 4. Ref. [35] Tribological performance of the samples after irradiation. (a) Sketch of the tribology setup using a steel ball of 100 Cr6 on the surface of the Ti6Al4V alloy sample. The final wear track achieved after 1000 sliding cycles is shown in (b) for the free surface and in (c) for a Spike-covered area as optical micrographs. SEM micrographs of the wear track on the different areas are shown in (d) for the initially polished surface, (e) LSFL, (f) Grooves, and (g) Spikes.

5. Other Applications

Several other technical applications of LIPSS have been explored. Laser processing ablation obtains the desired surface features on the metal; such modified surfaces can be both beneficial and durable in phase-change heat transfer applications. Surface modification by ultra-short pulse lasers alters the heat transfer performances of the boiling system [36]. Since the LIPSSs can significantly increase the absorption rate of the surface, they will simultaneously lead to an increase in thermal radiation. Another potential application of LIPSS is related to catalytic activity in electrochemical processes [37], in which the active surface area of the electrode material is critical to the efficiency of the electrochemical reaction. LIPSSs can be applied to energy-saving components and sensors [38]. Another application of LIPSSs is in chemical analyses based on surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. In the future, many will explore the established and new surface functions that be created through LIPSSs, so that these materials can be better applied in mechanical engineering, healthcare, aerospace, energy, and other fields.
In summary, various patterns can be prepared by femtosecond lasers to improve the performance of materials. Due to the versatility of the femtosecon

References

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Subjects: Materials Science, Biomaterials
Contributors MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
Hongfei Sun
,
Jiuxiao Li
,
Mingliang Liu
,
Dongye Yang
,
Fangjie Li
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Update Date: 04 Nov 2022
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