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Topic Review
Applications of Lactic Acid Bacteria
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) especially Lactobacillus are the vital microbiota of the gut, which is observed as having valuable effects on animals’ and human health. LAB produce lactic acid as the major by-product of carbohydrate degradation and play a significant role in innate immunity enhancement. LAB have significant characteristics to mimic pathogen infections and intrinsically possess adjuvant properties to enhance mucosal immunity. Increasing demand and deliberations are being substantially focused on probiotic organisms that can enhance mucosal immunity against viral diseases. LAB can also strengthen their host’s antiviral defense system by producing antiviral peptides, and releasing metabolites that prevent viral infections and adhesion to mucosal surfaces.
  • 1.2K
  • 11 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Calcium Nutrition of Broilers
Calcium (Ca) is essential for the skeletal growth and a plethora of other functions in broilers. Over 80% of Ca in broiler diets is supplied by inorganic Ca sources among which limestone is the predominant Ca supplement. Currently, considerable attention is being directed towards the use of digestible Ca in poultry feed formulations.The specific aim of the present overview was to highlight the recent advances in the measurement of ileal Ca digestibility of Ca sources and digestible Ca requirement of broilers.
  • 1.2K
  • 22 May 2023
Topic Review
Salt-Tolerant Bacterial Inoculations on Rice
Salt-tolerant Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) has been reported to possess various salt-tolerant mechanisms, namely through the production of exopolysaccharide (EPS) and the formation of a biofilm, which have been proven to restrict Na+ uptake under saline soil conditions.
  • 1.2K
  • 17 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a viral respiratory disease of zoonotic origin caused by the SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV). Between November 2002 and July 2003, an outbreak of SARS in southern China caused an eventual 8,098 cases, resulting in 774 deaths reported in 37 countries, with the majority of cases in China and Hong Kong (9.6% fatality rate) according to the World Health Organization (WHO). No cases of SARS have been reported worldwide since 2004. In late 2017, Chinese scientists traced the virus through the intermediary of civets to cave-dwelling horseshoe bats in Yunnan province.
  • 1.2K
  • 24 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Recovery of phosphorus from wastewater
Mined phosphate rock is the largest source of phosphorus (P) for use in agriculture and agro-industry, but it also is a finite resource irregularly distributed around the world. Alternatively, waste water is a renewable source of P, available at the local scale. In waste water treatment, biological nitrogen (N) removal is applied according to a wide range of variants targeting the abatement of the ammonium content. Ammonium oxidation to nitrate can also be considered to mitigate ammonia emission, while enabling N recovery. Different alternatives exist for coupling biological N treatment and phosphate precipitation when treating waste water in view of producing P-rich materials easily usable as fertilisers. Phosphate precipitation can be applied before (upstream configuration), together with (concomitant configuration), and after (downstream configuration) N treatment; i.e., chemically induced as a conditioning pre-treatment, biologically induced inside the reactor, and chemically induced as a refining post-treatment. Characteristics of the recovered products differ significantly depending on the case studied. Currently (year 2020), precipitated phosphate salts are not typified in the European fertiliser regulation, and this fact limits marketability. Nonetheless, this topic is in progress according to potential requirements to be complied by these materials. Integrated approaches for waste water treatment including P recovery must consider significant needs for subsequent agronomic valorisation of the recovered phosphate salts following the paradigms of the circular economy, sustainability, and environmental protection.
  • 1.2K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Antiviral Response Against Infectious Bronchitis Virus in Poultry
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is the causative agent of multi-systemic infection in the respiratory, reproductive and renal systems, which is similar to the symptoms of various viral and bacterial diseases reported in chickens. Currently, the live attenuated and killed vaccines are applied for the control of IBV infection; however, the continual emergence of IB variants with rapidly evolving genetic variants increases the risk of outbreaks in intensive poultry farms.
  • 1.2K
  • 27 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Mammary Hierarchy and Development
The mammary gland, a unique organ in mammals, is a derivative of ventral skin. The bovine mammary gland is composed of parenchymatous and stromal compartments. The parenchyma is a cellular compartment that contains two main cellular lineages. Mammary gland homeostasis and regeneration are maintained by the controlled activity of stem cells. These mammary stem cells are multipotent in nature, and give rise to epithelial and myoepithelial cells. 
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Giant Otter
The Giant Otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) stands as one of the largest and most charismatic members of the Mustelidae family, captivating observers with its sleek, streamlined physique and social behaviors. Endemic to the freshwater habitats of South America, particularly the Amazon Basin, this semi-aquatic carnivore is known for its intricate vocalizations and close-knit family groups. Despite facing threats from habitat loss, pollution, and illegal hunting, conservation efforts are underway to protect and preserve this iconic species and its vital role in maintaining the health of aquatic ecosystems.
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Carbon Dioxide Conversion
Managing the concentration of atmospheric CO2 requires a multifaceted engineering strategy, which remains a highly challenging task. Reducing atmospheric CO2 (CO2R) by converting it to value-added chemicals in a carbon neutral footprint manner must be the ultimate goal. The latest progress in CO2R through either abiotic (artificial catalysts) or biotic (natural enzymes) processes is reviewed herein. Abiotic CO2R can be conducted in the aqueous phase that usually leads to the formation of a mixture of CO, formic acid, and hydrogen. By contrast, a wide spectrum of hydrocarbon species is often observed by abiotic CO2R in the gaseous phase. On the other hand, biotic CO2R is often conducted in the aqueous phase and a wide spectrum of value-added chemicals are obtained. Key to the success of the abiotic process is understanding the surface chemistry of catalysts, which significantly governs the reactivity and selectivity of CO2R. However, in biotic CO2R, operation conditions and reactor design are crucial to reaching a neutral carbon footprint. Future research needs to look toward neutral or even negative carbon footprint CO2R processes. Having a deep insight into the scientific and technological aspect of both abiotic and biotic CO2R would advance in designing efficient catalysts and microalgae farming systems. Integrating the abiotic and biotic CO2R such as microbial fuel cells further diversifies the spectrum of CO2R.
  • 1.2K
  • 12 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Monitor and Evaluate Calves’ Health and Welfare
Precision livestock farming (PLF) research is rapidly increasing and has improved farmers’ quality of life, animal welfare, and production efficiency. Automatic milk feeding systems (AMFS) and 3D accelerometers have been the most extensively used technologies in dairy calves.
  • 1.2K
  • 04 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Bitterling (Rhodeus amarus) Larvae and Fry
European bitterling (Rhodeus amarus Bloch) and Rhodeus meridionalis belong to the group of ostrakophilous fish. The embryonic and larval development of the fish in this reproductive group until the time of the yolk sac resorption takes place in the gill cavity of river mussels (Anodonta sp. or Unio sp.)
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Intestinal Porcine Epithelial Cell Lines
Numerous bioactive plant additives have shown various positive effects in pigs and chickens. The demand for feed additives of natural origin has increased rapidly in recent years to support the health of farm animals and thus minimize the need for antibiotics and other drugs. Although only in vivo experiments can fully represent their effect on the organism, the establishment of reliable in vitro methods is becoming increasingly important in the goal of reducing the use of animals in experiments. The use of cell models requires strict control of the experimental conditions so that reliability and reproducibility can be achieved. In particular, the intestinal porcine epithelial cell line IPEC-J2 represents a promising model for the development of new additives. It offers the possibility to investigate antioxidative, antimicrobial, anti- or pro-proliferative and antiviral effects.
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Pousargues's Mongoose
Pousargues's mongoose (Dologale dybowskii) is a small carnivorous mammal found in the wetlands and forests of central Africa, particularly in the Congo Basin. With a sleek body, short legs, and a long tail, it navigates its habitat with agility, preying on small vertebrates, insects, and occasionally, fruits. Despite its elusive nature and limited research, Pousargues's mongoose plays a vital role in its ecosystem, contributing to the regulation of prey populations and biodiversity maintenance in its range.
  • 1.2K
  • 15 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Animal Welfare Discourse and Debate
Animal welfare is a public good that is extremely important to stakeholders, who can hold conflicting values and viewpoints, on what animal welfare is, and how a good life is achieved. Various stakeholder groups tend to signal different problems, or problematize specific aspects of farm animal welfare, and propose different actions or interventions within food supply chains.
  • 1.2K
  • 26 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Abyssinian genet
The Abyssinian genet (Genetta abyssinica) is a carnivorous mammal belonging to the family Viverridae. Endemic to the highlands of Ethiopia, it is characterized by its sleek, spotted coat and long tail. This nocturnal creature plays a vital role in local ecosystems as an efficient hunter of small vertebrates and insects.
  • 1.2K
  • 04 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Multistrain Probiotics in Livestock Production
Multistrain probiotics comprise two or more species or strains of important microorganisms as a consortium beneficial to the administered animal. Several studies are being carried out to explore their potency or efficiency. They have proven to be a promising alternative to antibiotics growth promoters and were responsible for enhancing gut health, growth performance, maintaining a balance in gut microbiota, stimulating immunity against pathogenic organisms, improving digestion, and overall production efficiency in ruminants, poultry, and swine production.
  • 1.2K
  • 09 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Green Nanotechnology in Agro-Ecosystems
Nanotechnology pertains to the employment of nanoparticles and furnishes the potential to fabricate novel materials and products possessing improved quality. The nanomaterials may be used as; nanosensors, nanocides, nanofertilizers, nanobarcodes, and nano-remediators, which play a significant role in modern agricultural practices. However, the physical and chemical processes of nanoparticle production is neither economical nor environmentally sustainable. Therefore, the need for green or biogenic nanoparticles obtained from plants, bacteria, fungi or their metabolites has emerged as novel, sustainable, economical, biocompatible, and eco-friendly technology. 
  • 1.2K
  • 03 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Cyperus esculentus Clones
Cyperus esculentus (yellow nutsedge) is one of the world’s worst weeds as it can cause great damage to crops and crop production. To eradicate C. esculentus, early detection is key—a challenging task as it is often confused with other Cyperaceae and displays wide genetic variability.
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Poult Enteritis and Mortality Syndrome
The poult enteritis complex (PEC) is common in turkeys and characterized by depression, enteritis, diarrhea, low feed conversion ratio and poor weight gain. It is a general term denoting all infectious intestinal diseases of young poults with uncertain etiology. The PEC is caused by a group of multifactorial infectious and non-infectious agents with significant effect on turkeys less than six weeks old.
  • 1.2K
  • 02 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Mounted Load Carrying on Equids
There are approximately 112 million working equids in developing countries, many of which are associated with brick kilns. Brick kilns and overloading are associated with welfare problems in working equids. Understanding equids’ abilities and influencing factors are important for both effective performance and welfare. Traditionally, measurement of the amount of ‘bone’ was used, and more recently, gait symmetry has been identified as a potential marker for loading capacity.
  • 1.2K
  • 13 May 2021
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