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Topic Review
Aphrophoridae Role in Xylella fastidiosa Invasion in Italy
The Philaenus spumarius L. (Hemiptera Aphrophoridae) is a xylem-sap feeder vector that acquires Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca ST53 during feeding on infected plants. The bacterium is the plant pathogen responsible for olive quick decline syndrome that has decimated olive trees in Southern Italy. Damage originates mainly from the insect vector attitude that multiplies the pathogen potentialities propagating Xf in time and space. The principal action to manage insect borne pathogens and to contain the disease spread consists in vector and transmission control. The analysis of an innovative and sustainable integrated pest management quantitative strategy that targets the vector and the infection by combining chemical and physical control means demonstrates that it is possible to stop the Xylella invasion. This entry updates the available topics addressing vectors' identification, bionomics, infection management, and induced disease by Xylella invasion to discuss major available tools to mitigate the damage consequent to the disease.
  • 1.2K
  • 11 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Cyperus esculentus Clones
Cyperus esculentus (yellow nutsedge) is one of the world’s worst weeds as it can cause great damage to crops and crop production. To eradicate C. esculentus, early detection is key—a challenging task as it is often confused with other Cyperaceae and displays wide genetic variability.
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Climate-Smart Agriculture Technology Adoption by Farming Households
Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) technologies have been developed by scientists and researchers amidst the high rise in climate change. Some of these technologies are improved versions of old practices while a few others are entirely new in the system. Appropriate technologies to adapt to the changing climatic condition will necessarily need to be drought-tolerant, grow and produce well within a short duration, tolerant to multiple pests and diseases, able to produce well under marginal soil fertility conditions, and high yielding among other desirable traits.
  • 1.2K
  • 12 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Antimicrobial Resistance in Salmonella in Poultry
Salmonellosis is one of the most common zoonotic diseases globally including in Bangladesh. Every year millions of people, animals, and poultry are affected by salmonella infection. Salmonellosis is frequently associated with high mortality rates that are closely 90%, resulting in significant economic losses.
  • 1.2K
  • 14 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Bitterling (Rhodeus amarus) Larvae and Fry
European bitterling (Rhodeus amarus Bloch) and Rhodeus meridionalis belong to the group of ostrakophilous fish. The embryonic and larval development of the fish in this reproductive group until the time of the yolk sac resorption takes place in the gill cavity of river mussels (Anodonta sp. or Unio sp.)
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Atypical Centriolar Composition and Internal Fertilization in Fish
Internal sperm structures， the centriole has an ancient and evolutionarily conserved canonical structure with signature 9-fold, radially symmetric microtubules that form the cell’s centrosomes, cilia, and flagella. Most animal spermatozoa have two centrioles, one of which forms the spermatozoan flagellum. Both are delivered to the egg and constitute the embryo’s first two centrosomes. The spermatozoa of mammals and insects only have one recognizable centriole with a canonical structure.
  • 1.2K
  • 10 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Ribosomal Protein S6 as A Therapeutic Target
Ribosomal protein S6 (RPS6) is a component of the 40S small ribosomal subunit and participates in the control of mRNA translation. Additionally, phospho (p)-RPS6 has been recognized as a surrogate marker for the activated PI3K/AKT/mTORC1 pathway, which occurs in many cancer types. However, downstream mechanisms regulated by RPS6 or p-RPS remains elusive, and the therapeutic implication of RPS6 is underappreciated despite an approximately half a century history of research on this protein. In addition, substantial evidence from RPS6 knockdown experiments suggests the potential role of RPS6 in maintaining cancer cell proliferation. This motivates us to investigate the current knowledge of RPS6 functions in cancer. 
  • 1.2K
  • 11 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Abyssinian genet
The Abyssinian genet (Genetta abyssinica) is a carnivorous mammal belonging to the family Viverridae. Endemic to the highlands of Ethiopia, it is characterized by its sleek, spotted coat and long tail. This nocturnal creature plays a vital role in local ecosystems as an efficient hunter of small vertebrates and insects.
  • 1.2K
  • 04 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Phosphorus in Wastewater in the Form of Polyphosphates
As non-renewable resource, the recovery and utilization of phosphorus from wastewater is an enduring topic. Stimulated by the advances in research on polyphosphates (polyP) as well as the development of Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal (EBPR) technology to achieve the efficient accumulation of polyP via polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs), a novel phosphorus removal strategy is considered with promising potential for application in real wastewater treatment processes. This entry mainly focuses on the mechanism of phosphorus aggregation in the form of polyP during the phosphate removal process. Further discussion about the reuse of polyP with different chain lengths is provided herein so as to suggest possible application pathways for this biosynthetic product.
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Microalgal Biomass-polymer Blends
Since the invention of plastics and the development of mass production, plastic demand has increased exponentially annually. Despite their easy processability and economically viable merits, the management of plastic waste has always been a contentious issue due to their non-biodegradable properties, resulting in significant damage to the environment. Although the share of bioplastics in the plastic market remains low, eco-friendly and abundant amounts of bioplastics are considered to be sufficient alternatives to replace preexisting plastics. Chlorella and Spirulina are the primary sources for bioplastics from microalgae due to their easy processability. Although the replacement of artificially synthesized existing plastics with 100% microalgal bioplastics could be ideal when it comes to environmentally friendly plastics, the physical and mechanical properties, such as tensile strength, glass transition temperature, and elongation at break, of 100% bioplastics are inferior to those of commercially available plastics. Another option to tackle these issues is to blend microalgae with polymers, namely microalgal biomass-polymer composites. These blended composites are hybrid-type plastics that have both properties of each component. The general properties of these blends depend on the ratio between the amount of microalgae biomass and those of the polymer. In general, a higher polymer content in biomass-polymer composites results in better performance, especially in terms of tensile strength and elongation at break. The required level of biomass contents in authorized bioplastics depends on individual national regulations. Korean government suggest that the percent of biomass in biomass-polymer composites should be over 30 wt% to be considered as an eco-friendly bioplastic. According to our investigation, the contents of microalgae in most composites remain less than 30 wt%, implying that further studies to increase the proportion of microalgae in the composites should be conducted to boost the commercialization of microalgae-based biocomposites.
  • 1.2K
  • 24 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Conservation Agriculture and the System of Rice Intensification
Conservation Agriculture (CA) and the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) are both agroecologically-oriented production systems that support more productive, sustainable, and resource-conserving farming, with synergies arising from their respective assemblages of reinforcing agronomic methods.
  • 1.2K
  • 08 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Oenological Tool
Any oenological tool is expected to reveal its goodness once it is used during winemaking. An oenological tool can be any type of element whose use can improve both the winemaking process and the final result. Therefore, use of natural elements such as bee pollen, thanks to its rich composition, could provide nutrients to yeasts and improve fermentation kinetics.
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Narrow-Leaf (dnl2) Mutant in Maize
The dnl2 mutant is a recessive mutant caused by EMS mutagenesis that displays various developmental defects, with a short stature and narrowed leaves being the two most obvious features. Phenotypic and cytological observations revealed that narrow-leaf mutant, dnl2 showed inhibited cell growth, altered vascular bundle patterning, and disrupted secondary cell wall structure when compared with the wild-type, which could be the direct cause of the dwarf and narrow-leaf phenotype.
  • 1.2K
  • 21 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Pousargues's Mongoose
Pousargues's mongoose (Dologale dybowskii) is a small carnivorous mammal found in the wetlands and forests of central Africa, particularly in the Congo Basin. With a sleek body, short legs, and a long tail, it navigates its habitat with agility, preying on small vertebrates, insects, and occasionally, fruits. Despite its elusive nature and limited research, Pousargues's mongoose plays a vital role in its ecosystem, contributing to the regulation of prey populations and biodiversity maintenance in its range.
  • 1.2K
  • 15 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Precision Livestock Farming
Precision livestock farming (PLF) has developed and concerned the whole sector: from cattle to pigs, to poultry, achieving the best results in cattle farms, especially in dairy farms. The technology that is affecting various aspects of dairy cattle breeding is certainly near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) which is versatile and can be used on line/in line to evaluate and control the critical points of the production process by entering the PAT (process analytical technology). In the barn, NIRS currently can obtain information on the chemical-physical composition of raw materials, total mixed ration (TMR), feces and digestibility, chemical and technological analysis of milk. All this in a short time by eliminating the waiting times for analysis response and costs, allowing an improvement of livestock management. Many studies affirm the validity of NIRS as a reliable and predictive technology against multiple relevant parameters in matrices such as raw feed, TMR, feces, and milk. 
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Mammary Hierarchy and Development
The mammary gland, a unique organ in mammals, is a derivative of ventral skin. The bovine mammary gland is composed of parenchymatous and stromal compartments. The parenchyma is a cellular compartment that contains two main cellular lineages. Mammary gland homeostasis and regeneration are maintained by the controlled activity of stem cells. These mammary stem cells are multipotent in nature, and give rise to epithelial and myoepithelial cells. 
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a viral respiratory disease of zoonotic origin caused by the SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV). Between November 2002 and July 2003, an outbreak of SARS in southern China caused an eventual 8,098 cases, resulting in 774 deaths reported in 37 countries, with the majority of cases in China and Hong Kong (9.6% fatality rate) according to the World Health Organization (WHO). No cases of SARS have been reported worldwide since 2004. In late 2017, Chinese scientists traced the virus through the intermediary of civets to cave-dwelling horseshoe bats in Yunnan province.
  • 1.2K
  • 24 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Lateral Flow Immunoassay Technology for Food Safety Detection
Lateral flow immunoassay (LFI) is used in many applications, particularly in the field of food safety testing, including various pathogens, drug residues, food additives and other illegal additives, etc. The basic principle of LFI testing is the flow of a liquid test sample, with antibody-containing strips interacting with the analyte and discriminating the results by the accumulation of chromogenic substances. Although LFI is simple, inexpensive and portable, the results obtained are qualitative or at best semi-quantitative, which limits the wider use of LFI. 
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Antibiotics and Their Impact on Bacterial Cellular Perturbation
Antibiotics belong to different classes of chemicals—including those of biological, synthetic, or semi-synthetic origin—and have selective modes of action. Based on their mechanisms of action, antimicrobial compounds are classified into two groups: bacteriostatic and bactericidal. Resistance is a natural adaptive tool that offers selection pressure to bacteria, and hence cannot be stopped entirely but rather be slowed down. Antibiotic resistance mutations mostly diminish bacterial reproductive fitness in an environment without antibiotics; however, a fraction of resistant populations ‘accidentally’ emerge as the fittest and thrive in a specific environmental condition, thus favouring the origin of a successful resistant clone.
  • 1.1K
  • 11 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Breeding Inducer Development
Different approaches that can be used for maize maternal haploid inducer development are explained in this entry. For a complete review on maternal haploid inducers, see: https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/9/5/614/htm
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Oct 2020
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