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Topic Review
Applications of Nanozymes in Antibacterial Mechanisms
The exploration of novel class substitutes possessing mimetic functions has become a prominent research area, inspired by the remarkable attributes exhibited by natural enzymes. In this regard, significant attention has been garnered by various nascent nanomaterials collectively referred to as nanozymes due to their unexpected and compelling enzyme mimetic activities. The robust antibacterial efficacy demonstrated by nanozymes is particularly noteworthy, as it has sparked the exploration of diverse innovative antibacterial strategies.
  • 782
  • 07 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Plant-Based Colloidal Delivery Systems
Colloidal delivery systems can be used to alter the gastrointestinal fate of oil-soluble vitamins, such as their chemical stability and bioaccessibility. The effectiveness of these delivery systems depends on their composition and structure. For instance, the bioaccessibility of oil-soluble vitamins (A, D, and E) has been shown to increase with decreasing droplet size in nanoemulsions, which is attributed to the faster release and solubilization of the vitamins when lipid digestion occurs more rapidly.
  • 781
  • 30 Nov 2021
Topic Review
AuNP-liposome Nanocomposites: Architectures, Chemistry of Preparation, Analytical Characterization
These contents aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of the various architectures of AuNP-liposome nanocomposites and the factors influencing their formation. The objectives of these contents are to: 1. Define the term "architecture" concerning the spatial assembly of AuNP (gold nanoparticles) and liposomes, highlighting the various forms in which these assemblies can exist. 2. Explain how the architectures of AuNP-liposome nanocomposites depend on factors such as the size, shape, and surface chemistry of AuNP, as well as the characteristics of the hosting liposomes and the methods used to prepare the nanocomposites. 4. Discuss the different starting materials that can be used to create AuNP-liposome nanocomposites, including pre-prepared AuNP, gold ions that need to be reduced in situ, and ionic/molecular precursors of gold. 4. Describe the specific chemistry which can be employed to encapsulate hydrophilic and hydrophobic pre-prepared AuNP into liposomes, depending on the type of interactions (electrostatic or covalent) provided and the size of the AuNP.
  • 781
  • 26 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications
As the human population ages and the future expands, tissue wounds and pathophysiology will keep on expanding, imposing a real physical and money-related strain on the overall social insurance frameworks. To this end, it is foreseen that biomaterial NPs will offer the best way to deal with regenerative medicine that will assume an urgent role in the regeneration of damaged body parts. It is believed that the field of bioactive nanomaterials will keep on exponentially developing in the future, given the examples of overcoming limitations of biomaterial approaches in scholastic, clinical and mechanical-based procedures. The US market is expected to show increased expenses for bioactive nanomaterial supplies from USD 70.03 billion to USD 130.17 billion before the end of 2021, with a growth rate of 13.2%. Nanomaterials that can be classified as bioactive nanomaterials are divided into two categories according to their origin, either natural or synthetic nanomaterials.
  • 777
  • 12 Apr 2021
Topic Review
The Single Extracellular Vesicle Analysis Techniques
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been regarded as one of the most potential diagnostic biomarkers for different cancers, due to their unique physiological and pathological functions. However, it is still challenging to precisely analyze the contents and sources of EVs, due to their heterogeneity. Many studies suggest that single EV analysis techniques may provide a powerful tool to explore the diversity of EVs and address these challenges.
  • 777
  • 31 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Nanomaterial-Based Biosensing Strategies for Plant Pathogen Detection
Medicinal plants are constantly challenged by different biotic inconveniences, which not only cause yield and economic losses but also affect the quality of products derived from them. Among them, Alternaria pathogens are one of the harmful fungal pathogens in medicinal plants across the globe. Therefore, a fast and accurate detection method in the early stage is needed to avoid significant economic losses. Although traditional methods are available to detect Alternaria, they are more time-consuming and costly and need good expertise. Nevertheless, numerous biochemical- and molecular-based techniques are available for the detection of plant diseases, but their efficacy is constrained by differences in their accuracy, specificity, sensitivity, dependability, and speed in addition to being unsuitable for direct on-field studies. Considering the effect of Alternaria on medicinal plants, the development of novel and early detection measures is required to detect causal Alternaria species accurately, sensitively, and rapidly that can be further applied in fields to speed up the advancement process in detection strategies. In this regard, nanotechnology can be employed to develop portable biosensors suitable for early and correct pathogenic disease detection on the field. It also provides an efficient future scope to convert innovative nanoparticle-derived fabricated biomolecules and biosensor approaches in the diagnostics of disease-causing pathogens in important medicinal plants.
  • 774
  • 13 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Environmental Implications Associated with the Development of Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology involves materials at a scale ranging from 1 to 100 nm in one of its dimensions. It has brought advances in several areas such as electronics, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, agriculture, cosmetics, and food. Nanostructures have a higher surface-to-volume ratio compared to bulk materials aside from exhibiting enhanced catalytic, mechanical, optical, electrical, tribological, thermal, and other properties. For this reason, nanomaterials have been widely studied and applied for the production of different products such as textiles, food coloring, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. Furthermore, the interaction of nanomaterials with biological systems and the environment still needs to be clarified. Moreover, some issues such as toxicity, bioaccumulation, and physicochemical transformations are found to be dependent on several factors such as size, capping agent, and shape, making the comparisons even more complex. 
  • 772
  • 01 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Nanocrystals in Brain Delivery
Nanocrystalline drug technology involves the reduction in the bulk particle size down to the nanosize range, thus modifying its physico-chemical properties with beneficial effects on drug bioavailability. Nanocrystals (NCs) are carrier-free drug particles surrounded by a stabilizer and suspended in an aqueous medium. The aim of brain drug targeting is the delivery of therapeutics crossing or bypassing the barriers that protect the brain from the entry of foreign substances. The blood–brain barrier (BBB) provides both anatomical and physiological protection for the CNS. Drug delivery by nanotechnological formulations could promote brain targeting by different transport mechanisms, including the paracellular pathway, the transcellular pathway, the carrier-mediated pathway, receptor-mediated transcytosis and adsorptive transcytosis. 
  • 769
  • 02 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Structures of iTENGs
A triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) can convert mechanical energy into electricity/electrical signal based on the triboelectric effect and electrostatic induction. Implantable TENG (iTENG), as an emerging technology for energy harvesting and conversion, has broad application prospects.
  • 769
  • 22 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Energy Applications of Phosphorous- and Boron-Doped Graphene-Based Nanomaterials
Graphene is a monolayer of graphite with a carbon–carbon bond distance of 1.42 Å and sp2 bound atoms of carbon organise in a honeycomb-like hexagonal framework. Three ‘p’ and one ‘s’ orbital are present on each carbon atom in the graphitic lattice. The two p-orbitals (px, py) and the s-orbital, out of the three p-orbitals, are used to produce covalent bonds with nearby carbon atoms, whilst the pz orbital is employed to produce a filled π bonding molecular orbital and a vacant π* anti-bonding molecular orbital. The inclusion of heteroatoms with dissimilar electronegativity and size as compared to carbon atoms breaks the electroneutrality of the graphene and changes the graphene nanosheet’s voltage point at Dirac point from gate voltage having a value of zero to a negative or positive side. Thus, the insertion of dopants (e.g., boron (B), nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), halogens and sulfur (S)) into the graphene sheets considerably alters their properties such as charge transport, electron mobility, Fermi level, spin density, thermal and mechanical stability, etc., and widens its applications towards sensors, solar cells, oxygen reduction reactions, lithium-ion batteries, and supercapacitors, etc.
  • 768
  • 15 May 2023
Topic Review
Low-Temperature Induced Enhancement
Low-temperature cooling possesses advantages in applicability, stability and nondamaging characteristics. Because of the temperature-related physical properties of nanoscale materials.
  • 767
  • 10 May 2021
Topic Review
Preparation of ZnO Nanocomposites for Improved Photocatalytic Activity
There are many methods of fabricating ZnO nanostructured materials, including solution-based and vapour-phase methods. However, some of the challenges with most solution-based preparation procedures are: (i) reproducibility due to the constraint of using metal salts of variable purity, (ii) the slow rate of crystal growth, and (iii) the necessity of shaping agents for well-regulated morphologies. Most synthetic strategies for Vis/solar light-responsive semiconductors aim for a reduction in the band gap energy and the effective separation of the photogenerated (e−/h+) charge carriers. These two properties rely on the particle dimension of the semiconductor, its crystal phase, and degree of crystallinity, hence, the need for shaping agents that produce increased specific surface areas for self-assembled nanoporous materials. Controlling synthesis conditions ensures the fabrication of semiconductors with the desired photocatalytic properties.
  • 763
  • 26 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Nonwoven Electrospun Membranes
A flexible and dependable method that has been extensively employed to construct nanofibrous scaffolds that resemble the extracellular matrix made from polymeric materials is electrospinning (ES). ES is superior to other techniques because of its unique capacity to create nanofibers with a high surface-to-volume ratio, low cost, simplicity of setup, freedom in material choice, and ability to alter the surface attributes and usefulness of the nanofibers. 
  • 762
  • 04 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Plasmonic Substrates for MicroRNA Delivery
MicroRNA (miRNA) has emerged as a promising alternative therapeutic treatment for cancer, but its delivery has been hindered by low cellular uptake and degradation during circulation.
  • 762
  • 25 May 2023
Topic Review
Applications of Proteinaceous Nanotube Cavities in Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology is quickly evolving, with novel materials being produced on a rapid scale. These nanomaterials range from fibers and sheets to tubular designs that are based on various different compositions such as metallic or carbon-based materials. In particular, carbon-based nanotubes, which include single- and multiwall tubes, have found applications in many scientific fields such as medicine, energy storage and fuel cells. Adding to these are the advances made with protein-based nanotubes, which offer different properties from those of classical carbon-based nanotubes. Although it would seem that biologically based nanotubes offer little room for direct design, current studies have shown that the high complexity of proteins can be an advantage for biotechnological designs that offers a novel perspective on many applications.
  • 759
  • 24 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Sunitinib Delivery Using Nanotechnology
Sunitinib (Sutent®, Pfizer), an indolinone, multi-target, anti-angiogenic first generation TKI, is commercially available as an oral immediate-release hard capsule (dosage: 12.5, 25, 37.5 and 50 mg) formulated with Mannitol (E421) (diluent), Croscarmellose sodium (binder and disintegrant), Povidone (K-25) (solubilizing agent and disintegrant), Magnesium stearate (lubricant) and Gelatin as inactive ingredients. Other oral pharmaceutical forms, such as suspension, have also been investigated for pediatric therapy.
  • 755
  • 29 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Magnetic Gold Hybrids and Nanocomposites
The magnetic gold nanoparticles (mGNP) are hybrid metallic nanocomposites prepared from magnetic and plasmonic moieties that have attracted much attention over the last few years. Magnetic-plasmonic nanoparticles are basically core–shell structures with a bimetallic composition of iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), or nickel ferrite as the magnetic, core and gold (Au), platinum, or silver (Ag) as the plasmonic shell. However, magnetic-plasmonic core–shell structures based on magnetite (Fe3O4) or maghemite (ɤ-Fe2O3) core and Au shell offer renowned advantages, where the Au shell is coated over the Fe core in a controlled manner.
  • 753
  • 25 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Fabrication Methods for Porous Gold Electrodes
Bimetallic nanocomposites and nanoparticles have received tremendous interest recently because they often exhibit better properties than single-component materials. Improved electron transfer rates and the synergistic interactions between individual metals are two of the most beneficial attributes of these materials.
  • 748
  • 15 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Antimicrobial Nanomaterials
Incorporating antimicrobial nanocompounds into materials to prevent microbial adhesion or kill microorganisms has become an increasingly challenging strategy. Many studies have been conducted on the preparation of nanomaterials with antimicrobial properties against diseases caused by pathogens. 
  • 746
  • 01 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Natural Products in Oncology
In recent decades, increasing interest in the use of natural products in anticancer therapy field has been observed, mainly due to unsolved drug-resistance problems. The antitumoral effect of natural compounds involving different signaling pathways and cellular mechanisms has been largely demonstrated in in vitro and in vivo studies. The encapsulation of natural products into different delivery systems may lead to a significant enhancement of their anticancer efficacy by increasing in vivo stability and bioavailability, reducing side adverse effects and improving target-specific activity. More and more studies in the nanomedicine field aim to design nanostructured systems containing natural compounds for new drug delivery tools in anticancer therapies.
  • 738
  • 22 Oct 2020
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