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Topic Review
Design of Magnetic Nanoplatforms for Cancer Theranostics
Cancer is the top cause of death globally. Developing smart nanomedicines that are capable of diagnosis and therapy (theranostics) in one–nanoparticle systems are highly desirable for improving cancer treatment outcomes. The magnetic nanoplatforms are the ideal system for cancer theranostics, because of their diverse physiochemical properties and biological effects. In particular, a biocompatible iron oxide nanoparticle based magnetic nanoplatform can exhibit multiple magnetic–responsive behaviors under an external magnetic field and realize the integration of diagnosis (magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasonic imaging, photoacoustic imaging, etc.) and therapy (magnetic hyperthermia, photothermal therapy, controlled drug delivery and release, etc.) in vivo. Furthermore, due to considerable variation among tumors and individual patients, it is a requirement to design iron oxide nanoplatforms by the coordination of diverse functionalities for efficient and individualized theranostics. 
  • 804
  • 03 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Polymer Nanocomposites for Mechanical Properties
Nanoscience paves new avenues in the field of the scientific community as well as industry. In the case of civil engineering, a substantial interest can be observed in nano-sized materials, such as nano-silica powder, nanofibers, and nanotubes intended for structural applications. Nanofibers and nanotubes are used to introduce nano-reinforcements in polymer matrices that enable a decrease in the required amount of steel reinforcement and reduce corrosion problems affecting engineering structures.
  • 803
  • 12 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery
Nanoparticles exhibit unique physical, chemical, and biological properties, which have led to their widespread applications in various fields. The properties of nanoparticles, including size, surface area, surface chemistry, optical properties, magnetic properties, and mechanical properties, can be tuned by changing the size, shape, and composition of nanoparticles. With ongoing research and development, nanoparticles are expected to play an increasingly important role in various fields, including medicine, electronics, energy, and environmental science.
  • 801
  • 20 Feb 2023
Topic Review
The Structure and Preparation of Carbon Nanotubes
Materials are the basis of the evolution of human civilization. The pursuit of the ultimate properties of materials, such as super strength and super toughness, has strongly promoted the development of human culture. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with superior mechanical properties are expected to play a role in the next generation of critical engineering mechanical materials.
  • 799
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Electrospun Nanofibrous Membranes
Electrospinning is a versatile technique which results in the formation of a fine web of fibers. The mechanical properties of electrospun fibers depend on the choice of solution constituents, processing parameters, environmental conditions, and collector design. Once electrospun, the fibrous web has little mechanical integrity and needs post fabrication treatments for enhancing its mechanical properties. The treatment strategies include both the chemical and physical techniques. The effect of these post fabrication treatments on the properties of electrospun membranes can be assessed through either conducting tests on extracted single fiber specimens or macro scale testing on membrane specimens. The latter scenario is more common in the literature due to its simplicity and low cost.
  • 798
  • 12 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Biomolecule Delivery in Neuroregeneration Strategies
Neurodegenerative disorders have sophisticated etiology and represent a serious challenge for society. Among the various risk factors, oxidative stress and chronic neuroinflammation (which can be due to viral infection or other causes) are involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Huntington disease (HD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Enabling challenging applications of nanomedicine and precision medicine in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders requires deeper investigations of nanocarrier-mediated biomolecular delivery for neuronal targeting and recovery. Researchers place emphasis on nanoformulations for the delivery of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) using different types of lipidic nanocarriers (liposomes, liquid crystalline or solid lipid nanoparticles), hydrogels, and scaffolds. 
  • 798
  • 25 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Nonwoven Electrospun Membranes
A flexible and dependable method that has been extensively employed to construct nanofibrous scaffolds that resemble the extracellular matrix made from polymeric materials is electrospinning (ES). ES is superior to other techniques because of its unique capacity to create nanofibers with a high surface-to-volume ratio, low cost, simplicity of setup, freedom in material choice, and ability to alter the surface attributes and usefulness of the nanofibers. 
  • 796
  • 04 Dec 2023
Topic Review
The Single Extracellular Vesicle Analysis Techniques
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been regarded as one of the most potential diagnostic biomarkers for different cancers, due to their unique physiological and pathological functions. However, it is still challenging to precisely analyze the contents and sources of EVs, due to their heterogeneity. Many studies suggest that single EV analysis techniques may provide a powerful tool to explore the diversity of EVs and address these challenges.
  • 793
  • 31 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Plant-Based Colloidal Delivery Systems
Colloidal delivery systems can be used to alter the gastrointestinal fate of oil-soluble vitamins, such as their chemical stability and bioaccessibility. The effectiveness of these delivery systems depends on their composition and structure. For instance, the bioaccessibility of oil-soluble vitamins (A, D, and E) has been shown to increase with decreasing droplet size in nanoemulsions, which is attributed to the faster release and solubilization of the vitamins when lipid digestion occurs more rapidly.
  • 788
  • 30 Nov 2021
Topic Review
AuNP-liposome Nanocomposites: Architectures, Chemistry of Preparation, Analytical Characterization
These contents aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of the various architectures of AuNP-liposome nanocomposites and the factors influencing their formation. The objectives of these contents are to: 1. Define the term "architecture" concerning the spatial assembly of AuNP (gold nanoparticles) and liposomes, highlighting the various forms in which these assemblies can exist. 2. Explain how the architectures of AuNP-liposome nanocomposites depend on factors such as the size, shape, and surface chemistry of AuNP, as well as the characteristics of the hosting liposomes and the methods used to prepare the nanocomposites. 4. Discuss the different starting materials that can be used to create AuNP-liposome nanocomposites, including pre-prepared AuNP, gold ions that need to be reduced in situ, and ionic/molecular precursors of gold. 4. Describe the specific chemistry which can be employed to encapsulate hydrophilic and hydrophobic pre-prepared AuNP into liposomes, depending on the type of interactions (electrostatic or covalent) provided and the size of the AuNP.
  • 787
  • 26 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Magnetic Gold Hybrids and Nanocomposites
The magnetic gold nanoparticles (mGNP) are hybrid metallic nanocomposites prepared from magnetic and plasmonic moieties that have attracted much attention over the last few years. Magnetic-plasmonic nanoparticles are basically core–shell structures with a bimetallic composition of iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), or nickel ferrite as the magnetic, core and gold (Au), platinum, or silver (Ag) as the plasmonic shell. However, magnetic-plasmonic core–shell structures based on magnetite (Fe3O4) or maghemite (ɤ-Fe2O3) core and Au shell offer renowned advantages, where the Au shell is coated over the Fe core in a controlled manner.
  • 785
  • 25 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Energy Applications of Phosphorous- and Boron-Doped Graphene-Based Nanomaterials
Graphene is a monolayer of graphite with a carbon–carbon bond distance of 1.42 Å and sp2 bound atoms of carbon organise in a honeycomb-like hexagonal framework. Three ‘p’ and one ‘s’ orbital are present on each carbon atom in the graphitic lattice. The two p-orbitals (px, py) and the s-orbital, out of the three p-orbitals, are used to produce covalent bonds with nearby carbon atoms, whilst the pz orbital is employed to produce a filled π bonding molecular orbital and a vacant π* anti-bonding molecular orbital. The inclusion of heteroatoms with dissimilar electronegativity and size as compared to carbon atoms breaks the electroneutrality of the graphene and changes the graphene nanosheet’s voltage point at Dirac point from gate voltage having a value of zero to a negative or positive side. Thus, the insertion of dopants (e.g., boron (B), nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), halogens and sulfur (S)) into the graphene sheets considerably alters their properties such as charge transport, electron mobility, Fermi level, spin density, thermal and mechanical stability, etc., and widens its applications towards sensors, solar cells, oxygen reduction reactions, lithium-ion batteries, and supercapacitors, etc.
  • 782
  • 15 May 2023
Topic Review
Curcumin Inorganic Nanoparticles and its Anti-cancer Potential
Curcumin is a natural compound that has been widely investigated thanks to its various biological properties, including antiproliferative. This molecule acts on different cancers such as lung, breast, pancreatic, colorectal, etc. However, the bioactive actions of curcumin have limitations when its physicochemical properties compromise its pharmacological potential. As a therapeutic strategy against cancer, curcumin has been associated with inorganic nanoparticles. These nanocarriers are capable of delivering curcumin and offering physicochemical properties that synergistically enhance anticancer properties. 
  • 778
  • 31 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Environmental Implications Associated with the Development of Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology involves materials at a scale ranging from 1 to 100 nm in one of its dimensions. It has brought advances in several areas such as electronics, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, agriculture, cosmetics, and food. Nanostructures have a higher surface-to-volume ratio compared to bulk materials aside from exhibiting enhanced catalytic, mechanical, optical, electrical, tribological, thermal, and other properties. For this reason, nanomaterials have been widely studied and applied for the production of different products such as textiles, food coloring, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. Furthermore, the interaction of nanomaterials with biological systems and the environment still needs to be clarified. Moreover, some issues such as toxicity, bioaccumulation, and physicochemical transformations are found to be dependent on several factors such as size, capping agent, and shape, making the comparisons even more complex. 
  • 776
  • 01 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Low-Temperature Induced Enhancement
Low-temperature cooling possesses advantages in applicability, stability and nondamaging characteristics. Because of the temperature-related physical properties of nanoscale materials.
  • 774
  • 10 May 2021
Topic Review
Structures of iTENGs
A triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) can convert mechanical energy into electricity/electrical signal based on the triboelectric effect and electrostatic induction. Implantable TENG (iTENG), as an emerging technology for energy harvesting and conversion, has broad application prospects.
  • 774
  • 22 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Smart Triboelectric Nanogenerators Based on Stimulus-Response Materials
Smart responsive materials can respond to external stimuli through reversible mechanisms and can be directly combined with triboelectric nanogenerators (teng) to provide a variety of intelligent applications such as sensors, actuators, robotics, artificial muscles, and controlled drug delivery. Not only that, but the mechanical energy in the reversible response of innovative materials can be extracted and converted into an interpretable electrical signal.
  • 773
  • 06 May 2023
Topic Review
Preparation of ZnO Nanocomposites for Improved Photocatalytic Activity
There are many methods of fabricating ZnO nanostructured materials, including solution-based and vapour-phase methods. However, some of the challenges with most solution-based preparation procedures are: (i) reproducibility due to the constraint of using metal salts of variable purity, (ii) the slow rate of crystal growth, and (iii) the necessity of shaping agents for well-regulated morphologies. Most synthetic strategies for Vis/solar light-responsive semiconductors aim for a reduction in the band gap energy and the effective separation of the photogenerated (e−/h+) charge carriers. These two properties rely on the particle dimension of the semiconductor, its crystal phase, and degree of crystallinity, hence, the need for shaping agents that produce increased specific surface areas for self-assembled nanoporous materials. Controlling synthesis conditions ensures the fabrication of semiconductors with the desired photocatalytic properties.
  • 768
  • 26 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Sunitinib Delivery Using Nanotechnology
Sunitinib (Sutent®, Pfizer), an indolinone, multi-target, anti-angiogenic first generation TKI, is commercially available as an oral immediate-release hard capsule (dosage: 12.5, 25, 37.5 and 50 mg) formulated with Mannitol (E421) (diluent), Croscarmellose sodium (binder and disintegrant), Povidone (K-25) (solubilizing agent and disintegrant), Magnesium stearate (lubricant) and Gelatin as inactive ingredients. Other oral pharmaceutical forms, such as suspension, have also been investigated for pediatric therapy.
  • 766
  • 29 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Fabrication Methods for Porous Gold Electrodes
Bimetallic nanocomposites and nanoparticles have received tremendous interest recently because they often exhibit better properties than single-component materials. Improved electron transfer rates and the synergistic interactions between individual metals are two of the most beneficial attributes of these materials.
  • 765
  • 15 Sep 2023
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