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Topic Review
Two-Phase Immersion Cooling with Surface Modifications
As an alternative method to the practical limitations of air cooling, liquid cooling methods have drawn attention. Liquid cooling can dissipate heat up to 202 W/cm2, which is approximately six times higher than that of conventional air cooling. The liquid cooling can be divided into one-phase driven by a pump and two-phase cooling using pool boiling.
  • 2.6K
  • 11 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Ethereum Classic
Ethereum Classic is an open source, blockchain-based distributed computing platform featuring smart contract (scripting) functionality. It supports a modified version of Nakamoto consensus via transaction-based state transitions executed on a public Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM). Ethereum Classic maintains the original, unaltered history of the Ethereum network. The Ethereum project's mainnet initially released via Frontier on 30 July 2015. However, due to a hack of a third-party project, the Ethereum Foundation created a new version of the Ethereum mainnet on 20 July 2016 with an irregular state change implemented that erased The DAO theft from the Ethereum blockchain history. The Ethereum Foundation applied their trademark to the new, altered version of the Ethereum blockchain; Ethereum (code: ETH). The older, unaltered version of Ethereum was renamed and continued on as Ethereum Classic (code: ETC). Ethereum Classic's native Ether token is a cryptocurrency traded on digital currency exchanges under the currency code ETC. Ether is created as a reward to network nodes for a process known as "mining", which validates computations performed on Ethereum Classic's EVM. Implemented on 11 December 2017, the current ETC monetary policy seeks the same goals as bitcoin of being mechanical, algorithmic, and capped. ETC can be exchanged for network transaction fees or other assets, commodities, currencies, products, and services. Ethereum Classic provides a decentralized Turing-complete virtual machine, the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM), which can execute scripts using an international network of public nodes. The virtual machine's instruction set is Turing-complete in contrast to others like bitcoin script. Gas, an internal transaction pricing mechanism, is used to mitigate spam and allocate resources on the network.
  • 2.6K
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Food Waste Valorisation Techniques
Food waste valorisation techniques aim to convert food waste into value-added products that can be integrated into various stages of the food supply chain. Some sustainable techniques for food waste valorisation include composting, anaerobic digestion, bioconversion, and upcycling.
  • 2.6K
  • 14 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Enzymatic Antioxidant
Plant enzymes are superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione S-transferases (GST), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), and dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), which work as part of the antioxidant defence system. These enzymes together form a complex set of mechanisms to minimise, buffer, and scavenge the reactive oxygen species (ROS) efficiently. 
  • 2.6K
  • 24 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Eptifibatide
Eptifibatide is a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor that blocks different pathways in platelet activation and aggregation.
  • 2.6K
  • 11 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Chitosan-based Flame-Retardant Systems
During the last decade, the utilization of chitin, and in particular its deacetylated form, i.e. chitosan, for flame retardant purposes, has represented quite a novel and interesting application, very far from the established uses of this bio-sourced material. In this entry, chitosan is a carbon source that can be successfully exploited, often in combination with intumescent products, in order to provide different polymer systems (namely, bulky materials, fabrics and foams) with high flame retardant (FR) features. Besides, this specific use of chitosan in flame retardance is well suited to a green and sustainable approach.
  • 2.6K
  • 22 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Timeline of the SARS Outbreak
The following is a timeline of the 2002–04 outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS).
  • 2.6K
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
G Suite
G Suite is a suite of cloud computing, productivity and collaboration tools, software and products developed by Google, first launched on August 28, 2006 as Google Apps for Your Domain. G Suite comprises Gmail, Hangouts, Calendar, and Currents for communication; Drive for storage; Docs, Sheets, Slides, Keep, Forms, and Sites for productivity and collaboration; and, depending on the plan, an Admin panel and Vault for managing users and the services. It also includes the digital interactive whiteboard Jamboard. While these services are free to use for consumers, G Suite adds enterprise features such as custom email addresses at a domain (@yourcompany.com), option for unlimited cloud storage (depending on plan and number of members), additional administrative tools and advanced settings, as well as 24/7 phone and email support. Being based in Google's data centers, data and information is saved instantly and then synchronized to other data centers for backup purposes. Unlike the free, consumer-facing services, G Suite users do not see advertisements while using the services, and information and data in G Suite accounts do not get used for advertisement purposes. Furthermore, G Suite administrators can fine-tune security and privacy settings. As of April 2020, G Suite had 6 million paying businesses, and 120 million G Suite for Education users.
  • 2.6K
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Sustainability in the Beef Cattle Industry in Brazil
Brazil is one of the world’s biggest beef producers and its largest exporter. However, beef cattle ranching is a leading cause of deforestation and habitat conversion in the Brazilian Amazon, which challenges sustainable development.
  • 2.6K
  • 16 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Maned Wolf
The Maned Wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus) is a distinctive canid species native to South America, particularly inhabiting grasslands and savannas. Despite its name, the Maned Wolf is not closely related to wolves but represents a unique evolutionary lineage within the canid family. Recognizable for its long, slender legs, reddish-brown fur, and distinctive black mane, this solitary omnivore plays a crucial role in its ecosystem as both a predator and a seed disperser.
  • 2.6K
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Ground Autonomous Vehicles for Agriculture
The available autonomous ground platforms developed by universities and research groups that were specifically designed to handle agricultural tasks was performed. As cost reduction and safety improvements are two of the most critical aspects for farmers, the development of autonomous vehicles can be of major interest, especially for those applications that are lacking in terms of mechanization improvements.
  • 2.6K
  • 22 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Capricornus
Capricornus, often depicted as a sea-goat in mythology, is a zodiac constellation located in the southern celestial hemisphere. Its name is derived from the Latin words "capra," meaning goat, and "cornu," meaning horn. Capricornus is notable for containing several bright stars and is associated with the winter solstice in the Northern Hemisphere.
  • 2.6K
  • 29 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Eco-Innovation
Eco-innovation refers to “the production, assimilation or exploitation of a product, production process, service or management or business method that is novel to the organization (developing or adopting it) and which results, throughout its life cycle, in a reduction of environmental risk, pollution and other negative impacts of resources use (including energy use) compared to relevant alternatives”. Eco-innovation has been used as a synonym for “environmental innovation”, “green innovation,” and “sustainable innovation” depending on the author and the outlet where the research is published.
  • 2.6K
  • 01 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Plant Sterols in Diabetes Management
The plant-based food we consume often contains many sterol-based bioactive compounds. It is well documented that these compounds could effectively manage the processes of insulin metabolism and cholesterol regulation. Insulin resistance followed by hyperglycemia often results in oxidative stress level enhancement and increased reactive oxygen species production. At the molecular level, these changes induce apoptosis in pancreatic cells and hence lead to insulin insufficiency. Studies have proved that plant sterols can lower inflammatory and oxidative stress damage connected with DNA repair mechanisms. The effective forms of phyto compounds are polyphenols, terpenoids, and thiols abundant in vegetables, fruits, nuts, and seeds. The available conventional drug-based therapies for the prevention and management of diabetes are time-consuming, costly, and with life-threatening side effects. Thereby, the therapeutic management of diabetes with plant sterols available in our daily diet is highly welcome as there are no side effects. 
  • 2.6K
  • 08 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Electric Turbo Compound
An Electric Turbo Compound (ETC) system is defined where a turbine coupled to a generator (turbogenerator) is located in the exhaust gas flow of a reciprocating engine to harvest waste heat energy and convert it into electrical power. An example of an ETC system is where a turbogenerator is located downstream of a turbocharger turbine of an Internal Combustion Engine (ICE). The power generated from the ETC system can be used to feed into an electrical grid or provide power to local electrical loads such as engine auxiliaries. ETC systems are commercially available for stationary power gensets and at an advanced stage of development for automotive applications as a solution to the challenge of improving the fuel efficiency of gas and diesel engines by recovering waste energy from the exhaust gases.
  • 2.6K
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
FFAG Accelerator
A Fixed-Field Alternating Gradient accelerator (FFAG) is a circular particle accelerator concept on which development was started in the early 50s, and that can be characterized by its time-independent magnetic fields (fixed-field, like in a cyclotron) and the use of strong focusing (alternating gradient, like in a synchrotron). Thus, FFAG accelerators combine the cyclotron's advantage of continuous, unpulsed operation, with the synchrotron's relatively inexpensive small magnet ring, of narrow bore. Although the development of FFAGs had not been pursued for over a decade starting from 1967, it has regained interest since the mid-1980s for usage in neutron spallation sources, as a driver for muon colliders and to accelerate muons in a neutrino factory since the mid-1990s. The revival in FFAG research has been particularly strong in Japan with the construction of several rings. This resurgence has been prompted in part by advances in RF cavities and in magnet design.
  • 2.6K
  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Antibiotic Resistance
Antibiotics are defined as natural or synthetic chemicals inhibiting both the growth and survival of microorganisms. These compounds have been used as essential therapeutics for nearly a century. With the human population growth increasingly, antibiotics become preventive agents in the agricultural and animal industry. The multi-faceted global use and misuse of antibiotics led to the evolution of bacteria into antibiotic resistant species. Advantageous mutations cause antibiotic tolerance, which is transmitted to offspring (vertical evolution) or to another bacteria via conjugation, transduction, or transformation mode (horizontal evolution), that are then are then passed down to progeny (vertical evolution). Antibiotic resistance progressively increased mortality from multidrug-resistant bacterial infections, threatening public health. Probiotics, essential oils, vaccines, and antibodies to antibiotic resistant bacteria emerge as primary or adjunct preventive measures or therapies against multidrug-resistant bacterial infections. Bacteriophages and predatory bacteria, as well as utilization of bacterial communication quorum sensing considered as new ecosystem-influenced methods to tackle multidrug-resistant bacteria. Mechanisms of dissemination and the development of antibiotic resistance genes vary in the context of nutrition and related clinical, agricultural, veterinary, and environmental settings, this need to be accounted in selections of preventive and therapeutic countermeasures. 
  • 2.6K
  • 05 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Fundamentals of Coupled Bulk Acoustic Wave MEMS Resonators
Bulk acoustic wave (BAW) resonators are a type of Micro-Electro-Mechanical System (MEMS) device experiencing acoustic wave propagation through the bulk of the medium. Combining the approach of coupled resonators with BAW resonators has recently led to achieving better performance and new functionalities. In particular, coupled BAW resonators based on lateral vibration modes are studied due to its advantages.
  • 2.6K
  • 06 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Self-Healing Mechanisms of Polyurea
Self-healing polymers are categorized as smart materials that are capable of surface protection and prevention of structural failure. Polyurethane/polyurea, as one of the representative coatings, has also attracted attention for industrial applications.
  • 2.6K
  • 20 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Isoquinolone
Isoquinolones (isoquinolin-1(2H)-ones): the atom- and step-economic syntheses.
  • 2.6K
  • 14 Jul 2021
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