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Topic Review
Molecular Detection of Colorectal Cancer
Drug-specific therapeutic approaches for colorectal cancer (CRC) have contributed to a significant improvement in the health status of patients. However, a great need to improve personalization of treatments based on genetic and epigenetic tumor profiles to maximize quality and efficacy while limiting cytotoxicity remains. Currently, CEA and CA 19-9 are the only validated blood biomarkers in clinical practice. For this reason, laboratories are trying to identify new specific prognostic and, more importantly, predictive biomarkers for CRC patient profiles. Thus, the unique landscape of personalized biomarker data should have a clinical impact on CRC treatment strategies and molecular genetic screening tests should become the standard method for CRC diagnosis, as well as detection of disease progression.
  • 2.7K
  • 30 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Lavender Essential Oil
The producers of essential oils from the Republic of Moldova care about the quality of their products and at the same time, try to capitalize on the waste from processing. The purpose of the present study was to analyze the chemical composition of lavender (Lavanda angustifolia L.) essential oil and some by-products derived from its production (residual water, residual herbs), as well as to assess their “in vitro” antimicrobial activity. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of essential oils produced by seven industrial manufacturers led to the identification of 41 constituents that meant 96.80–99.79% of the total. The main constituents are monoterpenes (84.08–92.55%), followed by sesquiterpenes (3.30–13.45%), and some aliphatic compounds (1.42–3.90%). The high-performance liquid chromatography analysis allowed the quantification of known triterpenes, ursolic, and oleanolic acids, in freshly dried lavender plants and in the residual by-products after hydrodistillation of the essential oil. The lavender essential oil showed good antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Xanthomonas campestris, Erwinia carotovora at 300 μg/mL concentration, and Erwinia amylovora, Candida utilis at 150 μg/mL concentration, respectively. 
  • 2.7K
  • 14 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Lyme Disease
Lyme disease, or Lyme borreliosis, is an increasingly prevalent illness caused by several bacteria in the Borrelia genus. Lyme disease is an increasingly common bacterial illness that exists throughout the world. Current diagnostic methods for Lyme disease are ineffective at detecting the illness during its early stages - when it is easiest to treat; thus, the improvement of Lyme diagnostics is a popular area of research in many scientific fields.
  • 2.7K
  • 16 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Digital Twin in Supply Chain and Logistics
A digital twin is a virtual representation that replicates a physical object or process over a period of time. These tools directly assist in reducing the manufacturing and supply chain lead time to produce a lean, flexible, and smart production and supply chain setting. Digital twin technology creates relatively close connectivity between both the virtual and physical worlds, allowing you to monitor and command systems and components remotely. Moreover, it is now possible to run simulation models to test and forecast resource and process-related changes in various “what-if” scenarios. Hence, organizations are now getting significant benefits from digital twin technology that assists in mapping and analyzing details related to operations performance, product and service innovation, and shorter on time delivery.
  • 2.7K
  • 17 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Quantum Computing Supremacy in the Internet of Things
The Internet of Things (IoT) strongly influences the world economy; this emphasizes the importance of securing all four aspects of the IoT model: sensors, networks, cloud, and applications. Considering the significant value of public-key cryptography threats on IoT system confidentiality, it is vital to secure it. One of the potential candidates to assist in securing public key cryptography in IoT is quantum computing. Although the notion of IoT and quantum computing convergence is not new, it has been referenced in various works of literature and covered by many scholars. Quantum computing eliminates most of the challenges in IoT.
  • 2.7K
  • 16 Nov 2022
Biography
Nicolas-Théodore de Saussure
Nicolas-Théodore de Saussure (14 October 1767, in Geneva – 18 April 1845, in Geneva [1]) was a Switzerland chemist and student of plant physiology who made seminal advances in phytochemistry. He is one of the major pioneers in the study of photosynthesis.[2] Nicolas-Théodore de Saussure was born into a wealthy, aristocratic, Genevan family, many of whose members were accomplished in the n
  • 2.7K
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Parvovirus
Parvovirus is the common name applied to all the viruses in the Parvoviridae taxonomic family. Parvovirus can also be used specifically for members of one of the two Parvoviridae subfamilies: Parvovirinae, which infect vertebrate hosts, and Densovirinae, which infect invertebrate hosts, are more commonly referred to as densoviruses. In subfamily Parvovirinae there are eight genera, containing a total of 58 recognized species, while in subfamily Densovirinae there are 5 genera and a total of 21 species. Parvoviruses are linear, nonsegmented, single-stranded DNA viruses, with an average genome size of 5-6 kilo base pairs (kbp). They are classified as group II viruses in the Baltimore classification of viruses. Parvoviruses are among the smallest viruses (hence the name, from Latin parvus meaning small) and are 23–28 nm in diameter. Parvoviruses can infect and may cause disease in many animals, from arthropods such as insects and shrimp, to echinoderms such as starfish, and to mammals including humans. Because most of these viruses require actively dividing cells to replicate, the type of tissue infected varies with the age of the animal. The gastrointestinal tract and lymphatic system can be affected at any age, leading to vomiting, diarrhea, and immunosuppression, but cerebellar hypoplasia is only seen in cats that were infected with feline parvovirus (FPV) in the womb or at less than two weeks of age, and disease of the myocardium is seen in puppies infected with canine parvovirus 2 (CPV2) between the ages of three and eight weeks.
  • 2.7K
  • 10 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Negative Capability
Negative capability was a phrase first used by Romantic poet John Keats in 1817 to characterise the capacity of the greatest writers (particularly Shakespeare) to pursue a vision of artistic beauty even when it leads them into intellectual confusion and uncertainty, as opposed to a preference for philosophical certainty over artistic beauty. The term has been used by poets and philosophers to describe the ability of the individual to perceive, think, and operate beyond any presupposition of a predetermined capacity of the human being.
  • 2.7K
  • 30 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Polyphenols as Antioxidant/Pro-Oxidant Compounds and Donors
Polyphenolic compounds are characterized by having at least one benzene ring with two or more hydroxyl (OH) groups. There are more than 8000 polyphenolic compounds in nature, classified into flavonoids, phenolic acids, lignans, and stilbenes.
  • 2.7K
  • 19 Sep 2023
Topic Review
HiPIMS coatings for self-cleaning application: cyclic Reactive Green 12 degradation
We propose a new photocatalytic interface prepared by High-Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering (HiPIMS) and investigated for the degradation of Reactive Green 12 (RG12) as target contaminant under visible light LEDs illumination. The CuxO/TiO2 nanoparticulate photocatalyst was sequentially sputtered on polyester (PES). The photocatalyst formulation was optimized by investigating the effect of different parameters such as: the sputtering time of CuxO, the applied current and the deposition mode (Direct Current Magnetron Sputtering, DCMS or HiPIMS). The results show that the fastest RG12 degradation was obtained on CuxO/TiO2 sample prepared at 40 A in HIPIMS mode under low intensity LEDs irradiation. The better self-cleaning efficiency of 53.4% within 360 min was found with 4 mg/L of RG12 initial concentration and 0.05 % Cuwt/PESwt as determined by X-ray Fluorescence. All the prepared samples contain a TiO2 under layer with 0.02% Tiwt/PESwt. By transmission electron microscopy (TEM), both layers were seen uniformly distributed on the PES fibers. The effect of the surface-area to volume (dye volume) ratio (SA/V) on the photocatalytic self-cleaning efficiency was also investigated for the discoloration of 4 mg/L RG12. The CuxO/TiO2 photocatalyst was found to have a good reusability and stability up to 21 cycles. Ions release were quantified by mean of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) showing low Cu-ions release.
  • 2.7K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Vitamin A in Retinal Diseases
Vitamin A is an essential fat-soluble vitamin that occurs in various chemical forms. It is essential for several physiological processes. Either hyper- or hypovitaminosis can be harmful. One of the most important vitamin A functions is its involvement in visual phototransduction, where it serves as the crucial part of photopigment, the first molecule in the process of transforming photons of light into electrical signals. In this process, large quantities of vitamin A in the form of 11-cis-retinal are being isomerized to all-trans-retinal and then quickly recycled back to 11-cis-retinal. Complex machinery of transporters and enzymes is involved in this process (i.e., the visual cycle). Any fault in the machinery may not only reduce the efficiency of visual detection but also cause the accumulation of toxic chemicals in the retina. 
  • 2.7K
  • 10 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Sustainable HRM in Hotels: Best Practise Model
Sustainable human resource management (SHRM) practices are still under research. It achieves a strategic advantage for the hotel business. However, a growing body of evidence indicates that SHRM practices are related to superior organization-level outcomes. There are many calls for companies to be more sustainable than traditional by transforming their resource usage intelligently to achieve added value. Hotels are investing in diverse sustainability practices to obtain returns. 
  • 2.7K
  • 28 May 2022
Topic Review
Energy Use in Hotels
Hotel chains are reported as one of the most energy-intensive sectors and a growing number of international studies on this theme have been developed. An understanding of energy consumption is crucial for the tourism sector because the high energy cost directly affects accommodation prices and the final profitability of companies.
  • 2.7K
  • 25 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Inti
Inti is the ancient Incan sun god. He is revered as the national patron of the Inca state. Although most consider Inti the sun god, he is more appropriately viewed as a cluster of solar aspects, since the Inca divided his identity according to the stages of the sun. Worshiped as a patron deity of the Inca Empire, Pachacuti is often linked to the origin and expansion of the Inca Sun Cult. The most common story says that he is the son of Viracocha, the god of civilization.
  • 2.7K
  • 23 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Understanding HII Framework and Related Technologies
The Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) is currently the most popular industry standard, defining the software interface between an operating system and its underlying platform firmware. HII (Human Interface Infrastructure) is a part of the UEFI specification, which provides a standard framework for managing user interfaces based on UEFI systems. 
  • 2.7K
  • 17 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Impedance Based Cellular Assays
The development of organ on a chip technology utilising human cells, has the advantages of replacing animal experimentation and providing data more applicable to study of human cell biochemistry and disease. However, measurement of metabolites often requires cell lysis permitting only a single end-point measurement. Development of non-destructive methods for monitoring cell cultures in real-time is desirable in helping to inform pathways of disease and define targets for pharmacological intervention. Impedance-based cellular assays, representing one such technique, are designed to monitor cellular impedance, a property of the insulating nature of cell membranes, resulting from changes in cell shape caused by signalling events inside and between cells. This relies on culturing primary cells or cell lines in vitro directly on microelectrodes or using electrodes in culture media and then monitoring changes in impedance over time in response to external treatments compared to untreated controls. Impedance measurements are recorded in real-time at one or several frequencies and can be sampled several times a second for as long as desired. This is beneficial in pinpointing changes with time in culture and can be useful in determining the starting point of a toxic effect or a therapeutic window. A further advantage of impedance-based cellular assays lie in their ability to monitor the cell culture without using specific cell or protein labels, which might otherwise influence the target being studied. Depending on the system used, changes in impedance can be correlated with alterations in basolateral adhesion, membrane integrity, tight junctions and barrier function.
  • 2.7K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Ironmaking Process
Fe is extracted from Fe ore and converted into alloys. This metallurgical process is important. The raw materials of the iron-bearing mineral are introduced in the blast furnace (BF), wherein aside from Fe and C, other elements are also subjected to roasting in the furnace.
  • 2.7K
  • 10 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Ratio of Fatty Acids in Different Foods
The biological effects of the ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids are mediated by their mutual interactions, but it is unclear whether the dietary ratio of omega-3 fatty acids and omega-6 fatty acids is important for human health.
  • 2.7K
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Ceiling Effects: The Example of IQ 276
The ceiling effect in psychometrics refers to loss of score differentiation at the upper end of a test’s range. In intelligence testing, ceiling effects hinder valid assessment of profoundly gifted individuals because scores cluster at or near the maximums of widely used instruments (e.g., WAIS, Stanford–Binet). This entry defines the ceiling effect in IQ measurement, summarizes common upper limits and the development of extended norms, and outlines methodological responses such as high-range instruments, item response theory (IRT), and model-based statistical extrapolation. Using the debated “IQ 276” (SD = 24; ≈ 210 on SD = 15, z ≈ +7.33) purely as an illustrative case, it reviews promises and pitfalls of inferring extreme ability beyond a test’s empirical range. The goal is not to adjudicate any individual claim but to clarify the psychometric challenges of measuring extreme intelligence and to sketch directions for building valid, higher-ceiling assessments.
  • 2.7K
  • 25 Aug 2025
Topic Review
Windows 2.0
Windows 2.0 is an obsoleted 16-bit Microsoft Windows GUI-based operating environment that was released on December 9, 1987, and the successor to Windows 1.0. This product's family includes Windows 2.0, a base edition for 8086 real mode, and Windows/386 2.0, an enhanced edition for i386 protected mode.
  • 2.7K
  • 08 Oct 2022
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