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Topic Review
Circulating Tumor Cells in Colorectal Cancer
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs)  are intact cells separated from the primary tumor or metastases and released into the peripheral circulation. They were observed and discovered for the first time in 1869 in the blood of a patient with breast cancer. CTCs mainly originate from solid tumors of epithelial origin (breast, prostate, colon, and lung). CTCs are nucleated and express epithelial cell adhesion molecules (EpCAM) and/or cytokeratins (CK) in the cytoplasm without coexpressing the common leukocyte antigen CD45. It is known today that there is significant heterogeneity in cell species and surface markers, which represents a challenge in isolating all clinically relevant subpopulations of CTCs.
  • 1.1K
  • 22 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Taccalonolides
Taccalonolides are a new class of microtube-stabilizing agents isolated from plants of the genus Tacca demonstrating effectiveness against drug-resistant tumors in cellular and animal models.
  • 1.1K
  • 16 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Lymph Node-Positive Prostate Cancer after Radical Prostatectomy
Pathological lymph node involvement (pN1) after a pelvic lymph node dissection represents one of the most unfavorable prognostic factors for disease recurrence and cancer-specific mortality in prostate cancer. However, optimal management for pN1 patients remains unclear. Thus, the guideline from the European Association of Urology recommends discussing three following management options with pN1 patients after an extended pelvic lymph node dissection, based on nodal involvement characteristics: (i) offer adjuvant androgen-deprivation therapy, (ii) offer adjuvant androgen-deprivation therapy with additional radiotherapy and (iii) offer observation (expectant management) to a patient with ≤2 nodes and a prostate-specific antigen <0.1 ng/mL. Treatment intensification may reduce risks of recurrence and cancer-specific mortality, but it may increase adverse events and impair quality of life. Few randomized control trials for pN1 are under investigation. In addition, there are limited reports on the quality of life and patient-reported outcomes in patients with pN1. Therefore, more research is needed to establish an optimal therapeutic strategy for patients with pN1. 
  • 1.1K
  • 25 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Estrogens and Lung Cancer
Malignant neoplasms are among the most common diseases and are responsible for the majority of deaths in the developed world. In contrast to men, available data show a clear upward trend in the incidence of lung cancer in women, making it almost as prevalent as breast cancer. Women might be more susceptible to the carcinogenic effect of tobacco smoke than men. Furthermore, available data indicate a much more frequent mutation of the tumor suppressor gene-p53 in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) female patients compared to males. Another important factor, however, might lie in the female sex hormones, whose mitogenic or carcinogenic effect is well known. Epidemiologic data show a correlation between hormone replacement therapy (HRT) or oral contraceptives (OCs), and increased mortality rates due to the increased incidence of malignant tumors, including lung cancer. Interestingly, two types of estrogen receptors have been detected in lung cancer cells: ERα and ERβ. The presence of ERα has been detected in tissues and non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) cell lines. In contrast, overexpression of ERβ is a prognostic marker in NSCLC.
  • 1.1K
  • 22 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Neurodevelopmental Consequences of Pediatric Cancer
Cognitive impairment is frequent in pediatric cancer, and behavioral and psychological disturbances often also affect children who have survived cancer problems. Furthermore, pediatric tumors are also often associated with sleep disorders. 
  • 1.1K
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
C-Src and EGFR Inhibition
The proto-oncogene c-Src is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase playing a key role in many cellular pathways, including cell survival, migration and proliferation. c-Src de-regulation has been observed in several cancer types, making it an appealing target for drug discovery efforts. Recent evidence emphasizes its crucial role not only in promoting oncogenic traits, but also in the acquisition and maintenance of cancer resistance to various chemotherapeutic or molecular target drugs. c-Src modulates epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activation and amplifies its downstream oncogenic signals.
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases
Protein tyrosine kinases, especially receptor tyrosine kinases, have dominated the cancer therapeutics sphere as proteins that can be inhibited to selectively target cancer. However, protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are also an emerging target. Though historically known as negative regulators of the oncogenic tyrosine kinases, PTPs are now known to be both tumor-suppressive and oncogenic.
  • 1.1K
  • 07 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Neutrophils and Angiogenesis in Cancer
Tumor angiogenesis is one of the most critical steps in the progression of cancer. Owing to its fundamental role in tumor growth and metastasis, tumor angiogenesis is accepted to be a limiting factor and considered a powerful therapeutic target. Neutrophils contribute to the tumor progression via multiple mechanisms, ranging from the direct support of tumor cell survival to the immunosuppression. A strong body of evidence suggests that neutrophils also play a prominent role in tumor angiogenesis.
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Breast Cancer Bone Metastasis
Bone is one of the most common metastatic sites among breast cancer (BC) patients. Once bone metastasis is developed, patients’ survival and quality of life will be significantly declined. At present, there are limited therapeutic options for BC patients with bone metastasis. Different nanotechnology-based delivery systems have been developed aiming to specifically deliver the therapeutic agents to the bone. The conjugation of targeting agents to nanoparticles can enhance the selective delivery of various payloads to the metastatic bone lesion. 
  • 1.1K
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Combined PARP inhibition Checkpoint Therapy
Genomic instability is a hallmark of cancer related to DNA damage response (DDR) deficiencies, offering vulnerabilities for targeted treatment. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors (PARPi) interfere with the efficient repair of DNA damage, particularly in tumors with existing defects in DNA repair, and induce synthetic lethality. PARPi are active across a range of tumor types harboring BRCA mutations and also BRCA-negative cancers, such as ovarian, breast or prostate cancers with homologous recombination deficiencies (HRD). Depending on immune contexture, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), such as anti-PD1/PD-L1 and anti-CTLA-4, elicit potent antitumor effects and have been approved in various cancers types. Although major breakthroughs have been performed with either PARPi or ICIs alone in multiple cancers, primary or acquired resistance often leads to tumor escape. PARPi-mediated unrepaired DNA damages modulate the tumor immune microenvironment by a range of molecular and cellular mechanisms, such as increasing genomic instability, immune pathway activation, and PD-L1 expression on cancer cells, which might promote responsiveness to ICIs. In this context, PARPi and ICIs represent a rational combination.
  • 1.1K
  • 10 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Diet/Nutrition for Cancer Survivors with Chronic Pain
Chronic pain in cancer survivors is related to obesity, malnutrition, nutritional deficiency, diet quality, immune system, systemic inflammation, and gut microbiota. As seen clearly, dietary interventions may provide weight reduction, a healthy body weight, good diet quality, regulations in systemic inflammation and immune system, and a healthy gut microbiota environment that could modify aforementioned pain-related pathways/mechanisms. For that reason, nutrition might have the potential to transition from being only prevention for cancer recurrence or cancer itself to a modality for chronic pain management for cancer survivors.
  • 1.1K
  • 17 Feb 2022
Topic Review
R1 Resection of LIver Metastas in Colorectal Cancer
 Achieving an R0 hepatic resection, optimally with more than 1 mm of clear margin, should always be the goal. In the era of the aggressive multimodality treatment of liver metastatic colorectal cancer, an R1 resection might be the cost of increasing the pool of patients finally eligible for resection. The majority of literature reports have highlighted the detrimental effect of R1 resections on local recurrence and overall survival. There are indeed studies that degraded the prognostic handicap as a consequence of an R1 resection in selected patients and highlighted the presence of RAS mutations, the response to chemotherapy, and, in general, factors that reflect the biology of the disease as important, if not the determinant, prognostic factors. In these patients, the aggressive disease biology seems to outperform the resection margin status as a prognostic factor, and the recorded differences between R1 and R0 resections are equalized.
  • 1.1K
  • 12 Jan 2023
Topic Review
A Breakthrough Brought about by Targeting KRASG12C
KRAS is the most frequently mutated member of the RAS family, present in 96% of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), 52% of colorectal, 32% of lung carcinomas, and to a lesser extent in a variety of other cancers, with alterations mostly occurring at codon G12, G13, and Q61.  
  • 1.1K
  • 19 Jan 2022
Topic Review
MET in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer
Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) can harbour different MET alterations, such as MET overexpression (MET OE), MET gene amplification (MET AMP), or MET gene mutations. Retrospective studies of surgical series of patients with MET-dysregulated NSCLC have shown worse clinical outcomes irrespective of the type of specific MET gene alteration. On the other hand, earlier attempts failed to identify the ‘druggable’ molecular gene driver until the discovery of MET exon 14 skipping mutations (METex14). METex14 are rare and amount to around 3% of all NSCLCs. Patients with METex14 NSCLC attain modest results when they are treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). New selective MET inhibitors (MET-Is) showed a long-lasting clinical benefit in patients with METex14 NSCLC and modest activity in patients with MET AMP NSCLC. 
  • 1.1K
  • 19 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Magnetic Nanostructures for Cancer Immunotherapy
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) represent an attractive class of nanomaterials due to their unique physical and chemical features that allow them to respond specifically to magnetic fields. Among the magnetic class of materials, iron oxide-based nanoparticles are the only inorganic nanomaterials that have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for medical applications. Magnetic nanomaterials are particularly appealing for cancer immunotherapy due to their unique features, which include (i) the traceability of their signal by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or by magnetic particle imaging (MPI) techniques ; (ii) their exploitation as carriers to promote the accumulation and the efficient delivery of biotherapeutic compounds, such as genes and peptides, into a specific target cell or tissue; (iii) their ability to mediate the elimination of cancer cells through the production of a local thermo-ablative effect when exposed to an external alternating magnetic field, referred to as magnetic hyperthermia therapy (MHT); and (iv) their intrinsic immunomodulatory properties that can be harnessed to further promote or modulate the immune function.
  • 1.1K
  • 07 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Mechanistic Insight into the Anticancer Activity of Luteolin
Luteolin, a flavone found in numerous fruits, vegetables, and herbs, has exhibited a number of biological activities, such as anticancer and anti-inflammatory. Luteolin inhibits tumor growth by targeting cellular processes such as apoptosis, cell-cycle progression, angiogenesis and migration. 
  • 1.1K
  • 17 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Fibroblast Subsets in Colorectal cancer
CAFs are defined as fibroblasts surrounding malignant tumor cells and are the most abundant cell type in the tumor microenvironment of colorectal cancer (CRC). CAFs consist of various functionally heterogeneous subsets which can promote or restrain cancer progression. Although most previous research has focused on the biology of epithelial cells, accumulating evidence shows that certain CAF subsets can also importantly contribute to tumor initiation and progression, thereby possibly providing avenues for improvement of clinical care for CRC patients. However, attention needs to be paid to comprehensive characterization and reporting of the subsets being investigated in CAF studies to enable more precise identification and targeting of “unfavorable” CAFs in advanced CRC.
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Techniques for DNA Methylation Testing in Glioblastomas
Epigenetic changes in DNA methylation contribute to the development of many diseases, including cancer. In glioblastoma multiforme, the most prevalent primary brain cancer and an incurable tumor with a median survival time of 15 months, a single epigenetic modification, the methylation of the O6-Methylguanine-DNA Methyltransferase (MGMT) gene, is a valid biomarker for predicting response to therapy with alkylating agents and also, independently, prognosis. The progress from single gene to whole-genome analysis of DNA methylation has allowed a better subclassification of glioblastomas.
  • 1.1K
  • 15 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Small Bowel Adenocarcinoma
Small bowel adenocarcinoma (SBA) is a rare malignancy, with a rising incidence in recent decades, and accounts for roughly 40% of all cancers of the small bowel. The majority of SBAs arise in the duodenum and are associated with a dismal prognosis. Surgery remains the mainstay of treatment for localized disease, while systemic treatments parallel those used in colorectal cancer (CRC), both in the adjuvant and palliative setting. In fact, owing to the lack of prospective data supporting its optimal management, SBA has historically been treated in the same way as CRC.
  • 1.1K
  • 23 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Senescence and Anticancer Therapies
Senescence is generally considered as a process of tumor suppression, both by preventing cancer cells proliferation and inhibiting cancer progression.  It can also be a key effector mechanism for many types of anticancer therapies such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy, both directly and through bioactive molecules released by senescent cells that can stimulate an immune response. There is a possibility that a combination of prosenescence therapy—which targets tumor cells and causes their senescence—with senotherapy—which targets senescent cells, can be promising in cancer treatment.
  • 1.1K
  • 14 Oct 2022
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