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Topic Review
III-V Semiconductor Nanowire Ordered Arrays
Ordered arrays of vertically aligned semiconductor nanowires are regarded as promising candidates for the realization of all-dielectric metamaterials, artificial electromagnetic materials, whose properties can be engineered to enable new functions and enhanced device performances with respect to naturally existing materials. In this review we account for the recent progresses in substrate nanopatterning methods, strategies and approaches that overall constitute the preliminary step towards the bottom-up growth of arrays of vertically aligned semiconductor nanowires with a controlled location, size and morphology of each nanowire. While we focus specifically on III-V semiconductor nanowires, several concepts, mechanisms and conclusions reported in the manuscript can be invoked and are valid also for different nanowire materials.
  • 864
  • 27 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Nanomaterial Shape Influence on Cells
Nanomaterials are proven to affect the biological activity of mammalian and microbial cells profoundly. It has been revealed that the shape of the nanomaterial plays a crucial role. This entry reviews the influence of nanomaterial shape on various biological activities of mammalian and microbial cells, such as proliferation, differentiation, and metabolism.  
  • 863
  • 26 May 2021
Topic Review
RB6 Nanowires
With the rise of topological insulator samarium hexaboride (SmB6), rare-earth hexaboride (RB6) nanowires are the focus of the second wave of a research boom. Recent research has focused on new preparation methods, novel electronic properties, and extensive applications. 
  • 862
  • 21 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Metal Nanoparticles and Their Application in Cancer
Nanotechnology has revolutionized medical research with new and improved materials for biomedical applications, with a particular focus on therapy and diagnostics. In cancer research, the application of metal nanoparticles as substitute chemotherapy drugs is growing. Metals exhibit inherent or surface-induced anticancer properties, making metallic nanoparticles extremely useful.
  • 862
  • 03 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Nanosilica-toughened epoxy resins
Surface-modified silica nanoparticles are available as concentrates in epoxy resins inindustrial quantities for nearly 20 years. Meanwhile, they are used in many epoxy resin formulationsfor various applications like fiber-reinforced composites, adhesives or electronic components; even inspace vehicles like satellites. Some of the drawbacks of “classic” epoxy toughening using elastomersas a second phase, like lower modulus or a loss in strength can be compensated by using nanosilicatogether with such tougheners. Apparently, there exists a synergy as toughness and fatigueperformance are increased significantly. This work intends to provide an overview regarding thepossibilities of nanotoughening with silica, the industrial applications of such epoxy resin formulationsand the most recent research results. Furthermore an overview of other material improvements achieved by the modification of epoxy resins with nanosilica is given.
  • 861
  • 05 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Commonly Used Nanofluids in Oil Recovery Technology
Nanofluid-enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technology is an innovative approach to enhancing oil production in oilfields. It entails the dispersion of nanoparticles within a fluid, strategically utilizing the distinctive properties of these nanoparticles (NPs) to engage with reservoir rocks or crude oil, resulting in a significant enhancement of the oil recovery rate.
  • 859
  • 11 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Hydrogels and Graphene Quantum Dots
The graphene quantum dot (GQD), unlike the other graphene derivatives, is known to have distinctive optical properties showing size and edge-dependent fluorescence properties
  • 858
  • 15 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Biomimetic Cell-Derived Nanoparticles
Biomimetic cell-derived nanoparticles are attracting considerable interest due to their better biocompatibility and lower immunogenicity. Moreover, biomimetic cell-derived nanoparticles can achieve different preferred biological effects due to their inherent abundant source cell-relevant functions.
  • 856
  • 10 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Applications of Nanomaterials in Electrochemical Devices
Nanomaterials have gained significant attention as a remarkable class of materials due to their unique properties and the fact that they encompass a wide range of samples with at least one dimension ranging from 1 to 100 nm. The deliberate design of nanoparticles enables the achievement of extremely large surface areas. In the field of cost-effective electrochemical devices for energy storage and conversion applications, nanomaterials have emerged as a key area of research. 
  • 856
  • 20 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Polymeric-Micelle-Based Delivery Systems for Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids can modulate gene expression specifically. They are increasingly being utilized and show huge potential for the prevention or treatment of various diseases. However, the clinical translation of nucleic acids faces many challenges due to their rapid clearance after administration, low stability in physiological fluids and limited cellular uptake, which is associated with an inability to reach the intracellular target site and poor efficacy. For many years, tremendous efforts have been made to design appropriate delivery systems that enable the safe and effective delivery of nucleic acids at the target site to achieve high therapeutic outcomes. Among the different delivery platforms investigated, polymeric micelles have emerged as suitable delivery vehicles due to the versatility of their structures and the possibility to tailor their composition for overcoming extracellular and intracellular barriers, thus enhancing therapeutic efficacy. Many strategies, such as the addition of stimuli-sensitive groups or specific ligands, can be used to facilitate the delivery of various nucleic acids and improve targeting and accumulation at the site of action while protecting nucleic acids from degradation and promoting their cellular uptake. Furthermore, polymeric micelles can be used to deliver both chemotherapeutic drugs and nucleic acid therapeutics simultaneously to achieve synergistic combination treatment. 
  • 855
  • 16 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Radiation-Assisted Synthesis of Polymer-Based Nanomaterials
Nanotechnology is the science and technology of making and using very small structures called nanomaterials. As the scales of the constructions become smaller, the conventional methods of making these structures—lithography, etching, micromolding—reach physical limits and it becomes extremely difficult to apply these top-down methods at nanoscale dimensions. To overcome the limitations and create smaller and ordered structures, a so-called “bottom-up” approach must be used. As the component size decreases in nanofabrication, the “bottom-up” approach is being increasingly used in the preparation of nanomaterials, which are materials with at least in one dimension less than 100 nm in size.
  • 853
  • 10 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Two-Dimensional Amorphous Nanomaterials
Two-dimensional amorphous nanomaterials (2D ANMs) are booming gradually and show promising application prospects in electrochemical fields for extended specific surface area, abundant active sites, tunable electron states, and faster ion transport capacity.
  • 853
  • 31 Dec 2021
Topic Review
DNA-Based Gold Nanoparticle Assemblies
Gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) have become one of the building blocks for superior assembly and device fabrication due to the intrinsic, tunable physical properties of nanoparticles. With the development of DNA nanotechnology, gold nanoparticles are organized in a highly precise and controllable way under the mediation of DNA, achieving programmability and specificity unmatched by other ligands. The successful construction of abundant gold nanoparticle assembly structures has also given rise to the fabrication of a wide range of sensors, which has greatly contributed to the development of the sensing field. 
  • 852
  • 04 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Cancer-Nano-Interaction
In the targeted therapy, nanoparticles (NPs) with specific properties, nanomedicine, are designed to specifically transport therapeutic agents to tumor sites and to release under controlled conditions. This strategy could potentially overcome the limitations of conventional methods and improve the cancer treatment outcomes by distinguishing malignant cells from non-malignant cells and selectively kill malignant cells. Bio-distribution, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and systemic clearance are the general challenges of using NPs in the targeted therapy. An effective NP-based drug delivery system should predict and control the fate of NPs in the biological environment. To develop and achieve a sound and efficient NPs-based system, we need to enhance our understanding of the nano-bio-interaction (NBI) happening between nanomaterials and a complex heterogeneous biological environment. At the cellular level, the NBI occurs at the interface of NPs surface and cell membrane. The interaction behavior of NPs is highly dependent on the physical and chemical properties of NPs.
  • 850
  • 08 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Lipids and Polymers Targeted Therapies
Solid lipid nanoparticles are just a solid core of lipids formed by one of the following techniques at 37 °C: high-pressure homogenization, double emulsion, high-shear homogenization, or emulsifier evaporation. The lipid core can be then functionalized using a PEGylated layer or by alternate adsorption. Solid lipid nanoparticles either have one drug incorporated inside their core during fabrication, or they may contain more than one drug. In general, both hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs can be inserted. For instance, solid lipid nanoparticles are characterized by biocompatibility, low toxicity, good stability, and enhancement of entrapped lipophilic drugs. Polymeric nanoparticles can be identified as an interaction of two opposite polymeric materials that form a cross-linked network and condensed core. This core can be further functionalized by a PEGylated layer or coated by a lipid monolayer. Hanafy et al. optimized hybrid polymeric lipid nanoparticles by using chitosan-oleic acid after blocking its free fatty acid. This strategy reduced the cytotoxicity that can be generated by oleic acid. Hybrid polymeric lipid nanoparticles can be co formulated in the shape of micelles by  using polymer self-assembly, while drugs can either be attached during fabrication or inserted after fabrication. Recently, polymeric materials in the shape of hydrogel materials, mucoadhesive materials, and stimuli-responsive polymers have been developed. Polymeric nanoparticles are characterized by controlled drug release, stability inside cells, and easy and cost-effective formulation. However, the disadvantage of polymeric NPs is mostly associated with the type of organic solvent used during fabrication and the polymer cytotoxicity.
  • 847
  • 22 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Enriching WPCs and NFPCs with Carbon Nanomaterials
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene, with their unique mechanical, electrical, thermal, optical, and wettability properties, are very effective fillers for many types of composites. Recently, a number of studies have shown that CNTs and graphene may be integrated into wood–plastic composites (WPCs) and natural-fibre-reinforced polymer composites (NFPCs) to improve the existing performance of the WPCs/NFPCs as well as enabling their use in completely new areas of engineering. 
  • 847
  • 02 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Graphene-Based Magnetic Nanoparticles for Theranostics
The combination of diagnostics and therapy (theranostic) is one of the most complex, yet promising strategies envisioned for nanoengineered multifunctional systems in nanomedicine. From the various multimodal nanosystems proposed, a number of works have established the potential of Graphene-based Magnetic Nanoparticles (GbMNPs) as theranostic platforms. This magnetic nanosystem combines the excellent magnetic performance of magnetic nanoparticles with the unique properties of graphene-based materials, such as large surface area for functionalization, high charge carrier mobility and high chemical and thermal stability. This hybrid nanosystems aims toward a synergistic theranostic effect. 
  • 845
  • 19 May 2021
Topic Review
Carbon Nanotube Films as Sensor Material
The photo-thermoelectric (PTE) effect in electronic materials effectively combines photo-absorption-induced local heating and associated thermoelectric conversion for uncooled and broadband photo-detection. Formation of heterogeneous material junctions across the carbon nanotube (CNT)-film-based PTE sensors, namely photo-detection interfaces, triggers the Seebeck effect with photo-absorption-induced local heating. Typical photo-detection interfaces include a channel–electrode boundary and a junction between P-type CNTs and N-type CNTs (PN junctions). While the original CNT film channel exhibits positive Seebeck coefficient values, the material selections of the counterpart freely govern the intensity and polarity of the PTE response signals. Based on these operating mechanisms, CNT film PTE sensors demonstrate a variety of physical and chemical non-destructive inspections. 
  • 842
  • 17 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Organic and Polymeric Micro/Nanocarriers
Micro/nanocarriers are organic and polymeric materials that are structurally oriented to act like capsules in aqueous and organic media in order to protect, transport, and release cargo, among other applications. Liposomes are organic micro/nanocarriers based on phospholipids that form vesicles. In contrast, polymeric micro/nanocarriers are based on amphiphilic and backbone polymers that form micelles, polymersomes, and polymeric spheres. Micro/nanocarriers are usually produced via precipitation and emulsion techniques, using a hydrophobic/hydrophilic solvent mixture, an emulsifier or surfactant, and crosslinker agents acting as template-like reaction initiators to orientate the amphiphilic backbone polymers, forming their structure. Cargo is loaded either during the assembly process, by solubilizing the cargo in the hydrophobic or hydrophilic solvent, or after the carrier’s formation, by dispersing the carriers into a high-cargo-concentration solution, followed by further cargo diffusion through the carrier.
  • 841
  • 18 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Heterogeneous Catalysts
Nanomaterials are significant carriers for enzymes in heterogeneous biocatalysis.  Large amounts of the active phase can be immobilized due to the large specific surface area.  An interesting approach combines the stabilization of enzymes in ionic liquids and an immobilization of the active phase on a solid support, which allows to biocatalyst's recycling and its application in continuous flow and batch processes. 
  • 840
  • 29 Sep 2021
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