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Topic Review
Cellular Senescence in Cancer
Cellular senescence is a state of stable cell cycle arrest that can be triggered in response to various insults and is characterized by distinct morphological hallmarks, gene expression profiles, and the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Importantly, cellular senescence is a key component of normal physiology with tumor suppressive functions.
  • 2.9K
  • 14 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Clathrate Gun Hypothesis
The clathrate gun hypothesis refers to a proposed explanation for the periods of rapid warming during the Quaternary. The idea is that changes in fluxes in upper intermediate waters in the ocean caused temperature fluctuations that alternately accumulated and occasionally released methane clathrate on upper continental slopes, these events would have caused the Bond Cycles and individual interstadial events, such as the Dansgaard–Oeschger interstadials. The hypothesis was supported for the Bølling-Allerød and Preboreal period, but not for Dansgaard–Oeschger interstadials, although there are still debates on the topic.
  • 2.9K
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Internet Challenge
On the internet, a challenge is a genre of videos in which users record themselves performing an action and then dare others to repeat it. They play a role in internet meme culture, with many challenges spreading through such memes. Examples include the ALS Ice Bucket challenge, which went viral in mid-2014 and the TrashTag Challenge which went viral in 2019. An internet challenge is similar to the common children's dare game in which they dare each other to perform an action that one would not normally do. Some challenges/talks predate the internet; some periodically resurface in a somewhat different form. The popularity of internet challenges is explained by people's, especially teenagers', need to gain attention and be liked.
  • 2.9K
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Contaminants in Tattoo Inks
Tattooing has been an enduring form of body art since ancient times, but it carries inherent health risks, primarily due to the complex composition of tattoo inks. These inks consist of complex mixtures of various ingredients, including pigments, solvents, impurities and contaminants. 
  • 2.9K
  • 19 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Non-Cannabinoid Compounds
Cannabinoid and non-cannabinoid phytochemicals possess bioactive and protective properties that are beneficial to human health. In addition to cannabinoids, the cannabis plant also produces hundreds of non-cannabinoid secondary metabolites including approximately 120 terpenoids (61 monoterpenes, 52 sesquiterpenoids, and 5 triterpenoids, essential oils, over 26 flavonoids lignans, stilbenoid derivatives, alkaloids, amino acids, spiroindans, polyphenols, 20 steroids ), dihydrophenanthrenes, glycoproteins (such as galactose, glucose, mannose and xylose), and dibenzyls. This list also includes a-cannabispiranol, chrysoeriol, 6-prenylapigenin, cannflavin A and b-acetyl cannabispiranol.
  • 2.9K
  • 01 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Fungal Proteases
Proteases are obtained from plants, animals, and microorganisms. Plants and animals’ proteases are more complex as compared to microorganisms. Fungal proteases are used as detergents for the removal of stains by hydrolyzing the peptide bond among the protein molecules.
  • 2.9K
  • 14 Mar 2022
Topic Review
3D Point Cloud Classification
Three-dimensional (3D) point cloud classification methods based on deep learning have good classification performance. The 3D point cloud is mainly collected by light detection and ranging (LiDAR) scanner, red, green, blue, and depth (RGB-D) camera, and other sensor equipment or obtained by model conversion using computer software.
  • 2.9K
  • 10 Jun 2022
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Navigating the Digital Landscape: Challenges and Barriers to Effective Information Use on the Internet
The advent of the internet has fundamentally transformed how people access and interact with information. The digital landscape offers easy access to educational materials and healthcare and can support informed decision making. It also presents significant challenges in effectively using this information. This entry discusses the multifaceted barriers that can impede individuals from fully benefiting from the internet’s information resources. Key challenges include discerning between accuracy and misinformation, the uneven distribution of digital literacy, disparities in access to technology, and motivational barriers in seeking reliable information. Additionally, the growing involvement of artificial intelligence (AI) in content curation, regulation, and moderation introduces opportunities and ethical dilemmas. These factors complicate efforts to support the accuracy and trustworthiness of the information shared through digital platforms.
  • 2.9K
  • 11 Nov 2024
Topic Review
Applications of E-Nose in Tea Quality Evaluation
The advancement in sensor technology has replaced the human olfaction system with an artificial olfaction system, i.e., electronic noses (E-noses) for quality control of teas to differentiate the distinct aromas. An E-nose system’s sensor array consists of some non-specific sensors, and an odor stimulus generates a fingerprint from this array. Fingerprints or patterns from known odors are used to train a pattern recognition model such that unknown odors can be classified and identified subsequently. Recently, the E-nose has been regarded as a powerful tool for tea quality monitoring. For instance, wide applications in tea research include tea classification, tea fermentation methods, tea components, tea grade quality, and tea storage.
  • 2.9K
  • 28 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Nanophotocatalysts
Biomedical waste management is getting significant consideration among treatment technologies, since insufficient management can cause danger to medicinal service specialists, patients, and their environmental conditions. The improvement of waste administration protocols, plans, and policies are surveyed, despite setting up training programs on legitimate waste administration for all healthcare service staff. Most biomedical waste substances do not degrade in the environment, and may also not be thoroughly removed through treatment processes. Therefore, the long-lasting persistence of biomedical waste can effectively have adverse impact on wildlife and human beings, as well. Hence, photocatalysis is gaining increasing attention for eradication of pollutants and for improving the safety and clearness of the environment due to its great potential as a green and eco-friendly process. In this regard, nanostructured photocatalysts, in contrast to their regular counterparts, exhibit significant attributes such as non-toxicity, low cost and higher absorption efficiency in a wider range of the solar spectrum, making them the best candidate to employ for photodegradation. Due to these unique properties of nanophotocatalysts for biomedical waste management, we aim to critically evaluate various aspects of these materials in the present review and highlight their importance in healthcare service settings.
  • 2.9K
  • 18 Aug 2020
Topic Review
Polysiloxane-Based Ionic Polymers
A diverse range of linear polysiloxane-based ionic polymers that are hydrophobic and highly flexible can be obtained by substituting the polymers with varying amounts of ionic centers. The materials can be highly crystalline solids, amorphous soft solids, poly(ionic) liquids or viscous polymer liquids.
  • 2.9K
  • 31 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Smart Tourism Ecosystem
For the sustainable tourism experience, a smart tourism ecosystem is created so that personalized, context awareness, as well as real-time monitoring, can be ensured.
  • 2.9K
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Treatment of Canine Hemangiosarcoma
Hemangiosarcoma is a mesenchymal neoplasm that originates in the endothelial cells of blood vessels. According to the location of origin, they can be classified as non-visceral and visceral types. Hemangiosarcoma can be very aggressive and metastasize to distant organs. 
  • 2.9K
  • 07 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Stingless Bee-Collected Pollen
Stingless Bee-collected pollen is a mixture of bee pollen, bee salivary enzymes, and regurgitated honey, fermented by indigenous microbes during storage in the cerumen pot. This review provides knowledge on stingless bee collected pollen, its nutrient and microbes for application in the food and pharmaceutical industries 
  • 2.9K
  • 12 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Antioxidant Capacity of Seminal Plasma
The total antioxidant capacity of seminal plasma is a very common way of presenting the antioxidant capabilities of the seminal plasma. This term is used to evaluate the total ability of a fluid to scavenge free radicals in solution. In general, fertile men have seminal plasma with a higher total antioxidant capacity than that of infertile patients.
  • 2.9K
  • 26 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Castor Bean
Castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) is an unpalatable tropical plant belonging to the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae). It has great phytoremediation potential and is used for biofuels production. Its cultivation on contaminated and marginal land can be considered a great alternative to fossil fuel, lowering the social-economic implication and ecological impacts of biodieselproduction. In this entry, we analyze the botanical, agronomical, and the by-product obtainable from castor bean. More information about the castor bean phytoremediation potential and its resistance to abiotic stresses can be found at 10.3390/agronomy10111690  
  • 2.9K
  • 06 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Chondrocytes
Chondrocytes are the cells found in cartilage that responsible for the production and maintenance of the cartilaginous matrix, which consists of collagen, proteoglycans, glycoproteins and hyaluronan. Autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) is a new treatment modality with the potential to promote regeneration of worn cartilage. ACI has been used to treat osteoarthritis (OA), a degenerative joint disease that affects many people worldwide. Human platelet lysate (HPL) has been identified as a potential replacement for foetal bovine serum (FBS) for the expansion of chondrocytes.
  • 2.9K
  • 05 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Mitochondrial ROS and Nrf2
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are byproducts of aerobic respiration and signaling molecules that control various cellular functions. Nrf2 governs the gene expression of endogenous antioxidant synthesis and ROS-eliminating enzymes in response to various electrophilic compounds that inactivate the negative regulator Keap1. Accumulating evidence has shown that mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) activate Nrf2, often mediated by certain protein kinases, and induce the expression of antioxidant genes and genes involved in mitochondrial quality/quantity control. Mild physiological stress, such as caloric restriction and exercise, elicits beneficial effects through a process known as “mitohormesis”. Exercise induces NOX4 expression in the heart, which activates Nrf2 and increases endurance capacity. Mice transiently depleted of SOD2 or overexpressing skeletal muscle-specific UCP1 exhibit Nrf2-mediated antioxidant gene expression and PGC1α-mediated mitochondrial biogenesis. ATF4 activation may induce a transcriptional program that enhances NADPH synthesis in the mitochondria and might cooperate with the Nrf2 antioxidant system. In response to severe oxidative stress, Nrf2 induces Klf9 expression, which represses mtROS-eliminating enzymes to enhance cell death. Nrf2 is inactivated in certain pathological conditions, such as diabetes, but Keap1 down-regulation or mtROS elimination rescues Nrf2 expression and improves the pathology. These reports aid us in understanding the roles of Nrf2 in pathophysiological alterations involving mtROS.
  • 2.9K
  • 30 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Logical Framework with Risk Management Approach Methodology
When working with international development projects (IDPs), the use of the logical framework approach (LFA) prevails as the most important tool to plan and manage these projects. How to enrich the methodology has been studied, including risk management (logical framework with risk management approach (LFRMA)), proposing an original contribution, tested with professionals that will improve the effectiveness of IDPs by increasing their success rate and their sustainability. The steps followed to design the methodology, case study analysis and design of LFRMA  and the methodology itself are presented.
  • 2.9K
  • 28 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Brake-by-Wire System
With the rapid development of electric vehicles (EVs) in the direction of advanced driving assistance systems and autonomous vehicles, the demands for X-by-wire systems are huge. For example, the brake-by-wire (BBW) system must have a fast enough step response, the adjustable ability of higher accuracy and fault tolerance to ensure the safety of vehicles. The BBW system of “safety, comfort, and low carbon” has become a troublesome issue in the development of the industry. In EVs, the moving parts that can achieve automatic control are more than 200. As an important assurance system for the safe driving of vehicles, the BBW system has the advantages of accurately and independently controlling the pressure of each wheel cylinder and a fast response. 
  • 2.9K
  • 26 Apr 2022
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