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Topic Review
Myocardial Restoration Therapy
Myocardial restoration approaches so far have encompassed various types of cells, cell products or derivatives, scaffolds of various physical conditions, as well as multiple administration routes. 
  • 735
  • 08 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Revascularization and Left Ventricular Dysfunction for ICD Eligibility
Common triggers for sudden cardiac death (SCD) are transient ischemia, hemodynamic fluctuations, neurocardiovascular influences, and environmental factors. SCD occurs rapidly when sinus rhythm degenerates into ventricular tachycardia (VT) and/or ventricular fibrillation (VF), followed by asystole. Such progressive worsening of the cardiac rhythm is in most cases observed in the setting of ischemic heart disease and often associated with advanced left ventricular (LV) impairment. Revascularization prevents negative outcomes including SCD and heart failure (HF) due to LV dysfunction (LVD). The implantable cardioverter–defibrillator (ICD) on top of medical therapy is superior to antiarrhythmic drugs for patients with LVD and VT/VF. The beneficial effects of ICD have been demonstrated in primary prevention of SCD as well.
  • 735
  • 23 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Aetiology of Bicuspid Aortic Valve
BAV (Bicuspid Aortic Valve) stands as the most prevalent congenital heart condition closely linked to critical and potentially life-threatening cardiac and aortic ailments, including aortic stenosis, aortic insufficiency, aortic aneurysms, and aortic dissection. It is believed that both genetic and epigenetic factors influence the etiology of BAV. Gaining insight into this underlying causative framework is paramount in guiding treatment strategies for BAV and its associated pathologies.
  • 733
  • 12 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Flow Mediated Skin Fluorescence for Vascular Dysfunction Identification
Arterial blood pressure monitoring plays an important role in preventive medicine, allowing, in selected cases, the identification of vascular dysfunction. Extensive research, encompassing both healthy subjects and patients with a range of vascular issues, has consistently demonstrated the efficacy of the Flow Mediated Skin Fluorescence (FMSF) technique in identifying cases of impaired vascular function, including many cases of silent vascular dysfunction that are not manifested by changes in blood pressure. 
  • 733
  • 15 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Cardiotoxicity of Cancer Chemotherapy Agents
Cardiotoxicity is defined as every cardiovascular (CV) event related to the use of cancer medication. 
  • 732
  • 18 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Mechanisms of Hyperglycaemia-Induced Vascular Damage
Coronary artery disease (CAD) remains one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and revascularization through percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) significantly improves survival. In this setting, poor glycaemic control, regardless of diabetes, has been associated with increased incidence of peri-procedural and long-term complications and worse prognosis. Novel antidiabetic agents have represented a paradigm shift in managing patients with diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.
  • 731
  • 15 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Mechanical Unloading of Failing Heart
Ventricular assist devices (VADs) have been considered a reasonable alternative strategy in advanced heart failure (HF), widely used as a bridge to heart transplantation or candidacy. Mechanical unloading supports the function of a failing heart and the perfusion of vital organs through reduced workload placed on the ventricles. In clinical practice, it might initiate a healing response with even myocardial recovery, making heart transplantation and mechanical support no longer required. 
  • 729
  • 02 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Dapagliflozin and Heart Failure
Heart failure (HF) is associated with a high morbidity and mortality burden. In light of more recent evidence, SGLT2 inhibitors are currently recommended as first-line therapy in managing patients with HF, regardless of ejection fraction, to reduce HF burden. The DAPA-HF and DELIVER trials, and particularly, the pooled analysis of both studies, have shown that dapagliflozin significantly reduces the risk of cardiovascular death, all-cause death, total HF hospitalizations, and MACE in the whole spectrum of HF, with sustained benefits over time.
  • 727
  • 07 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Utility of Genetic Testing in Patients with ATTR-CM
Transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy (ATTR-CM) is an increasingly diagnosed condition. Although wild-type transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTRwt) is the most common ATTR-CM, hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTRv) may also occur. Genetic testing for transthyretin pathogenic variants is recommended for patients with a confirmed clinical diagnosis of ATTR-CM. In fact, confirmation of this autosomal dominant pathogenic variant prompts genetic counselling and allows early identification of affected relatives. Additionally, in the presence of an ATTR-CM-associated polyneuropathy, specific drugs targeting transthyretin can be used.
  • 727
  • 09 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Cardioplegic Solution with an Understanding of a Cardiochannelopathy
Cardiac surgeries have been improved by accompanying developing cardioplegia solutions. However, the cardioplegia application presents an ongoing challenge with a view of a sufficiently restored cardiac function.
  • 724
  • 15 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Antithrombotic Therapy in Polyvascular Disease
Patients presenting with atherosclerosis involving more than one vascular bed, such as those with peripheral artery disease (PAD) and concomitant coronary artery disease (CAD), constitute a particularly vulnerable group characterized by enhanced residual long-term risk for major adverse cardiac events (MACE), as well as major adverse limb events (MALE). Antithrombotic therapy is the mainstay of secondary prevention in both patients with PAD or CAD; however, the optimal intensity of such therapy is still a topic of debate, particularly in the post-acute and long-term setting.
  • 724
  • 31 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Lipoprotein(a)
The treatment of patients with aortic valve calcification (AVC) and calcific aortic valve stenosis (CAVS) remains challenging as, until today, all non-invasive interventions have proven fruitless in preventing the disease’s onset and progression. Despite the similarities in the pathogenesis of AVC and atherosclerosis, statins failed to show a favorable effect in preventing AVC progression. The recognition of lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] as a strong and potentially modifiable risk factor for the development and, perhaps, the progression of AVC and CAVS and the evolution of novel agents leading in a robust Lp(a) reduction, have rekindled hope for a promising future in the treatment of those patients. Lp(a) seems to promote AVC via a ‘three hit’ mechanism including lipid deposition, inflammation and autotaxin transportation. All of these lead to valve interstitial cells transition into osteoblast-like cells and, thus, to parenchymal calcification. 
  • 723
  • 10 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Sestrin2 as a Potential Target in Hypertension
Hypertension is a highly complex, intricate condition affecting millions of individuals across the globe. Nearly half of adults in the United States are diagnosed with hypertension, with incident rates projected to rise over the next decade. Hypertension is a precursor to many cardiovascular diseases including atherosclerosis, stroke, myocardial infarction, heart failure, and peripheral artery disease. The Sestrin (SESN) family of proteins is comprised of three members Sesn1, Sens2, and Sesn3, and is expressed by three coding genes: SESN1, SESN2, and SESN3
  • 723
  • 31 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Metabolic Syndrome and Atrial Fibrillation
Obesity, hypertension, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia are all clusters of an entity called “Metabolic Syndrome”. The global trends of this syndrome’s incidence/prevalence continue to increase reciprocally, converting it into a massive epidemic problem in the medical community.
  • 721
  • 19 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Renal Denervation in the Management of Heart Failure
Norepinephrine (NE) spillover in the kidneys is associated with a worse prognosis. Since the kidneys constitute an integral part of the sympathetic activation feedback loop between the brain, the heart, the vasculature, and the kidneys, the therapies targeting this afferent loop may provide a novel and promising target in the management of patients with heart failure. Renal denervation has evolved from surgical denervation to transcatheter-based technology. This latter technique is a minimally invasive, catheter-based procedure that ablates both the afferent and efferent renal sympathetic nerves. Various catheter-based technologies exist today, including radiofrequency ablation, ultrasound thermal ablation, and chemical ablation utilizing alcohol. Renal denervation has been predominantly studied as a tool for the management of resistant hypertension. 
  • 720
  • 01 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Cardiovascular Effects of Apelins
In-hospital mortality in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is 5–6%. Consequently, it is necessary to develop fundamentally novel drugs capable of reducing mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Apelins could be the prototype for such drugs. Chronic administration of apelins mitigates adverse myocardial remodeling in animals with myocardial infarction or pressure overload. The cardioprotective effect of apelins is accompanied by blockage of the MPT pore, GSK-3β, and the activation of PI3-kinase, Akt, ERK1/2, NO-synthase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, matrix metalloproteinase, the epidermal growth factor receptor, Src kinase, the mitoKATP channel, guanylyl cyclase, phospholipase C, protein kinase C, the Na+/H+ exchanger, and the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger. The cardioprotective effect of apelins is associated with the inhibition of apoptosis and ferroptosis.
  • 720
  • 05 May 2023
Topic Review
Soluble ST2 Biology
ST2 is a member of the interleukin (IL)-1 receptor family, whose gene is located on human chromosome 2q12. Alternative promoter splicing and 3′ processing of the mRNA are responsible for the production of two different forms: a soluble receptor, named sST2; or a transmembrane receptor, named ST2L. ST2 was first described in 1989.
  • 720
  • 21 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Prediabetes and Microcirculation
Prediabetes is a significant metabolic status since there is high potential for future progression of diabetes mellitus (DM). People with prediabetes are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality. Endothelial and microvascular dysfunction is considered a key step towards the development and progression of CVD. The term microcirculation refers to the circulation in vessels with diameter <150 μm, including the small arteries and veins, as well as the capillaries. The main function of microcirculation is to ensure the provision of nutrients and oxygen to tissues. It also regulates hydrostatic pressure at the level of capillaries and blood flow, and consequently, it helps in the regulation of blood pressure through the increase of peripheral resistance.
  • 718
  • 19 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Comorbid Sepsis and Cardiogenic Shock
Septic shock management in the cardiac intensive care unit (CICU) is challenging due to the complex interaction of pathophysiology between vasodilatory and cardiogenic shock, complicating how to optimally deploy fluid resuscitation, vasopressors, and mechanical circulatory support devices.
  • 718
  • 26 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Effects of Major Hypolipidemic Drugs on Platelet Function
Growing evidence supports the view that statins, ezetimibe, PCSK9 inhibitors, inclisiran, and icosapent ethyl also act as antithrombotics. The main effect of antidyslipidemic agents is mainly related to the reduction in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels (which are causally related to atherosclerosis) and triglycerides. Some studies suggested a potential role of these drugs also on platelet function. In particular, by interacting with specific platelet receptors, they reduce adhesion, aggregation, degranulation, in-flammation, vasoconstriction, and oxidative stress.
  • 718
  • 30 Aug 2023
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