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Topic Review
BCI Emotion Recognition
This entry gives an overview of available datasets, emotion elicitation methods, feature extraction and selection, classification algorithms, and performance evaluation for emotion recognition using EEG-based BCI systems.
  • 2.8K
  • 10 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Chondrocytes
Chondrocytes are the cells found in cartilage that responsible for the production and maintenance of the cartilaginous matrix, which consists of collagen, proteoglycans, glycoproteins and hyaluronan. Autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) is a new treatment modality with the potential to promote regeneration of worn cartilage. ACI has been used to treat osteoarthritis (OA), a degenerative joint disease that affects many people worldwide. Human platelet lysate (HPL) has been identified as a potential replacement for foetal bovine serum (FBS) for the expansion of chondrocytes.
  • 2.8K
  • 05 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Digital Rights
Digital rights are fundamental rights in the digital age related to privacy protection in smart cities. In this vein, it has encouraged the United Nations to take an advocacy role regarding the ‘right to have digital rights’ and create the Hub for Human Rights and Digital Technology: ‘Together, as we seek to recover from the pandemic, we must learn to better curtail harmful use of digital technology and better unleash its power as a democratising force and an enabler’.
  • 2.8K
  • 22 Oct 2021
Topic Review
ARP2/3 Complex-Driven Actin Polymerization in RSV Infection
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading viral agent causing bronchiolitis and pneumonia in children under five years old worldwide. The RSV infection cycle starts with macropinocytosis-based entry into the host airway epithelial cell membrane, followed by virus transcription, replication, assembly, budding, and spread. It is not surprising that the host actin cytoskeleton contributes to different stages of the RSV replication cycle. RSV modulates actin-related protein 2/3 (ARP2/3) complex-driven actin polymerization for a robust filopodia induction on the infected lung epithelial A549 cells, which contributes to the virus’s budding, and cell-to-cell spread. 
  • 2.8K
  • 05 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Properties of Polynomial Roots
In mathematics, a univariate polynomial is an expression of the form where the ai belong to some field, which, in this article, is always the field [math]\displaystyle{ \mathbb C }[/math] of the complex numbers. The natural number n is known as the degree of the polynomial. In the following, p will be used to represent the polynomial, so we have A root of the polynomial p is a solution of the equation p = 0: that is, a complex number a such that p(a) = 0. The fundamental theorem of algebra combined with the factor theorem states that the polynomial p has n roots in the complex plane, if they are counted with their multiplicities. This article concerns various properties of the roots of p, including their location in the complex plane.
  • 2.8K
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Treatment of Canine Hemangiosarcoma
Hemangiosarcoma is a mesenchymal neoplasm that originates in the endothelial cells of blood vessels. According to the location of origin, they can be classified as non-visceral and visceral types. Hemangiosarcoma can be very aggressive and metastasize to distant organs. 
  • 2.8K
  • 07 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Antioxidant Capacity of Seminal Plasma
The total antioxidant capacity of seminal plasma is a very common way of presenting the antioxidant capabilities of the seminal plasma. This term is used to evaluate the total ability of a fluid to scavenge free radicals in solution. In general, fertile men have seminal plasma with a higher total antioxidant capacity than that of infertile patients.
  • 2.8K
  • 26 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Flexible Stretchable Electrode
Flexible electrode technology is the key to the wide application of flexible electronics. However, flexible electrodes will break when large deformation occurs, failing flexible electronics. It restricts the further development of flexible electronic technology. Flexible stretchable electrodes are a hot research topic to solve the problem that flexible electrodes cannot withstand large deformation. Flexible stretchable electrode materials have excellent electrical conductivity, while retaining excellent mechanical properties in case of large deformation.
  • 2.8K
  • 27 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Nitrogen removal in bioelectrochemical systems
Nitrogenous compounds attract great attention because of their environmental impact and harmfulness to the health of human beings. Various biological technologies have been developed to reduce the environmental risks of nitrogenous pollutants. Bioelectrochemical systems (BESs) are considered to be a novel biological technology for removing nitrogenous contaminants by virtue of their advantages, such as low energy requirement and capacity for treating wastewaters with a low C/N ratio. Therefore, increasing attention has been given to carry out biological processes related to nitrogen removal with the aid of cathodic biofilms in BESs. Prior studies have evaluated the feasibility of conventional biological processes including nitrification, denitrification, and anaerobic ammonia oxidation (anammox), separately or combined together, to remove nitrogenous compounds with the help of BESs. The present review summarizes the progress of developments in BESs in terms of the biological process, cathodic biofilm, and affecting factors for efficient nitrogen removal.
  • 2.8K
  • 27 Jul 2020
Topic Review
Environmental Aspects of Potash Mining
Verkhnekamskoe potash deposit. The deposit is located in the central part of the Solikamsk depression in the Pre-Ural foredeep (Perm Krai, Russia). All the main features and problems of underground mining of water-soluble ores and potassium fertilizer production are considered using the example of one of the world’s largest potash deposits.
  • 2.8K
  • 03 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Castor Bean
Castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) is an unpalatable tropical plant belonging to the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae). It has great phytoremediation potential and is used for biofuels production. Its cultivation on contaminated and marginal land can be considered a great alternative to fossil fuel, lowering the social-economic implication and ecological impacts of biodieselproduction. In this entry, we analyze the botanical, agronomical, and the by-product obtainable from castor bean. More information about the castor bean phytoremediation potential and its resistance to abiotic stresses can be found at 10.3390/agronomy10111690  
  • 2.8K
  • 06 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Human Satellite DNA Families
Going back to the 1960s, the discovery and classification of three clearly distinguishable human genomic DNA fractions in CsSO4 gradients established the identity of the corresponding classical satellite DNAs I, II, and III. More precisely, a set of repetitive sequences with analogous buoyant densities was found to compose each gradient fraction. These DNA fractions presented a characteristic inter-sequence heterogeneity, which led to a new classification in 1987, as a prime family of simple repeats was identified for each fraction. The three families were described as satellite DNA families I, II, and III and were first reported to be present in all acrocentric chromosomes, as well as in chromosomes 3 and 4. Additionally, the centromeric alpha (α) satellite DNA family was also identified and described, soon becoming the most intensively studied human satDNA sequence. Later on, gamma (γ) and beta (β) satellites were likewise found among the diverse families of human satellite DNAs.
  • 2.8K
  • 13 May 2021
Topic Review
NEC Engineering and Construction Contract
The New Engineering Contract (NEC), or NEC Engineering and Construction Contract, is a formalised system created by the UK Institution of Civil Engineers that guides the drafting of documents on civil engineering and construction projects for the purpose of obtaining tenders, awarding and administering contracts. As such they legally define the responsibilities and duties of Employers (who commission work) and Contractors (who carry out work) in the Works Information. The contract consists of two key parts the Contract Data part one (Data provided by the Employer) and Contract Data part two (Data provided by the Contractor). Several approaches are included making it a family of options. It is used in the UK and internationally in countries including New Zealand, Australia , Hong Kong and South Africa . There have been four editions, the first in 1993, the second in 1995, the third in 2005 and the most recent in 2017. The NEC3 was launched in 2005 and it was amended in April 2013. NEC4 was announced in March 2017 and has been available since June 2017. This new edition reflects procurement and project management developments and emerging best practice, with improvements in flexibility, clarity and the ease of administration. It also introduces two new contracts: NEC4 Design, Build and Operate (DBO) and NEC4 Alliance Contract (ALC).
  • 2.8K
  • 28 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Streptavidin
Streptavidin /ˌstrɛpˈtævɪdɪn/ is a 52.8 kDa protein purified from the bacterium Streptomyces avidinii. Streptavidin homo-tetramers have an extraordinarily high affinity for biotin (also known as vitamin B7 or vitamin H). With a dissociation constant (Kd) on the order of ≈10−14 mol/L, the binding of biotin to streptavidin is one of the strongest non-covalent interactions known in nature. Streptavidin is used extensively in molecular biology and bionanotechnology due to the streptavidin-biotin complex's resistance to organic solvents, denaturants (e.g. guanidinium chloride), detergents (e.g. SDS, Triton), proteolytic enzymes, and extremes of temperature and pH.
  • 2.8K
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Infrakingdom
In biology, a kingdom (Latin: regnum, plural regna) is the second highest taxonomic rank, just below domain. Kingdoms are divided into smaller groups called phyla. Traditionally, some textbooks from the United States and Canada used a system of six kingdoms (Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, Archaea/Archaebacteria, and Bacteria/Eubacteria) while textbooks in Great Britain, India, Greece, Brazil and other countries use five kingdoms only (Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista and Monera). Some recent classifications based on modern cladistics have explicitly abandoned the term kingdom, noting that some traditional kingdoms are not monophyletic, meaning that they do not consist of all the descendants of a common ancestor. The terms flora (for plants), fauna (for animals), and, in the 21st century, funga (for fungi) are also used for life present in a particular region or time.
  • 2.8K
  • 10 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Cadmium and Human Health
Cadmium is ubiquitous in the diet, with the highest levels present in grains, leafy greens, and shellfish. Cadmium is a major health risk globally and is associated with pollution and anthropogenic activity. It is important to understand the dietary sources of cadmium, how they are monitored, and the effect of cadmium exposure to human health. 
  • 2.8K
  • 02 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Peach (Fruit)
A peach is a soft, juicy and fleshy stone fruit produced by a peach tree.
  • 2.8K
  • 27 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Titanium Wear of Dental Implants
Titanium is considered high-ly biocompatible with low corrosion and toxicity, but recent studies indicate that this understand-ing may be misleading as the properties of the material change drastically when titanium nano-particles (NPs) are shed from implant surfaces. These NPs are immunogenic and are associated with a macrophage-mediated inflammatory response by the host.
  • 2.8K
  • 02 Feb 2021
Topic Review
China Intelligent Manufacturing Technology in the Steel Industry
Intelligent manufacturing, defined as the integration of manufacturing with modern information technologies such as 5G, digitalization, networking, and intelligence, has grown in popularity as a means of boosting the productivity, intelligence, and flexibility of traditional manufacturing processes. The steel industry is a necessary support for modern life and economic development, and the Chinese steel industry’s capacity has expanded to roughly half of global production.
  • 2.8K
  • 03 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Operon
The term operon was first coined by Jacob and Monod in 1961 to describe a cluster of genes whose expression was regulated by an operator.
  • 2.8K
  • 04 May 2023
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