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Topic Review
The 5G Spectrum Standardization
The rapid increase in data traffic caused by the proliferation of smart devices has spurred the demand for extremely large-capacity wireless networks. Thus, faster data transmission rates and greater spectral efficiency have become critical requirements in modern-day networks. The ubiquitous 5G is an end-to-end network capable of accommodating billions of linked devices and offering high-performance broadcast services due to its several enabling technologies.
  • 1.2K
  • 21 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Dye Sensitized Solar Cells
DSSCs are functional and efficient even in diffuse light, therefore they can generate electricity in the morning, evening and even indoors. Even as silicon prices fall and silicon-based photovoltaics become cheaper, DSSCs have great potential as they can be used in additional applications such as indoor and diffuse light. With a variety of fields of application, huge quantities of DSSCs could be produced in the future. With low production costs and no necessity for toxic compounds DSSCs are a potential product, which could circulate in the loops of a circular economy.
  • 1.2K
  • 02 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Things Software-Defined Network
The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) network generates great economic benefits in processes, system installation, maintenance, reliability, scalability, and interoperability. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) allow the IIoT network to collect, process, and share data of different parameters among Industrial IoT sense Node (IISN). ESP8266 are IISNs connected to the Internet by means of a hub to share their information. In this article, a light-diffusion algorithm in WSN to connect all the IISNs is designed, based on the Peano fractal and swarm intelligence, i.e., without using a hub, simply sharing parameters with two adjacent IINSs, assuming that any IISN knows the parameters of the rest of these devices, even if they are not adjacent. We simulated the performance of our algorithm and compared it with other state-of-the-art protocols, finding that our proposal generates a longer lifetime of the IIoT network when few IISNs were connected. Thus, there is a saving-energy of approximately 5% but with 64 nodes there is a saving of more than 20%, because the IIoT network can grow in a 3n way and the proposed topology does not impact in a linear way but log3 , which balances energy consumption throughout the IIoT network.
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Key Technologies for Multi-Parallel Inverter Microgrid Systems
As an important form of distributed renewable energy utilization and consumption, the multi-parallel inverter microgrid system works in both an isolated and grid-connected operation mode. Secondary-frequency and voltage-regulation control are very important in solving problems that appears in these systems, such as the distributed secondary-frequency regulation real-time scheme, voltage and reactive power balancing, and the secondary-frequency regulation control under the disturbances and unbalanced conditions of a microgrid system. 
  • 1.2K
  • 07 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Electromagnetic Fields Radiated by Electrostatic Discharges
Electrostatic discharge (ESD) is a physical phenomenon that may destroy electronic components due to its high discharge current that may reach a few amperes in just a few ns. However, another major aspect of ESD is the related high-frequency electromagnetic (E/M) fields radiated by the ESD event. The electronic equipment that is affected by the ESD phenomenon is additionally affected by the induced voltages caused by these E/M fields. This is the reason that the current version of the IEC 61000-4-2 on ESD has a special reference to these fields and the measurement setup. 
  • 1.2K
  • 20 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
The Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) is an office within the United States Department of Energy. Formed from other energy agencies after the 1973 energy crisis, EERE is led by the Assistant Secretary of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (Assistant Secretary), who is appointed by the President of the United States and confirmed by the U.S. Senate. Kelly Speakes-Backman was appointed Acting Assistant Secretary in January 2021.
  • 1.2K
  • 14 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Optical Fiber Current Sensors
Optical fiber current sensor is a kind of smart grid equipment, and its principle utilizes the magnetostrictive effect of magnetostrictive materials.
  • 1.2K
  • 11 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Network Protocol Design for IoT
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is one of the key technologies for IoT implementation. Research and development in IoT are progressing from the research and development in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) and Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET), but still have some specific differences. Compared to WSN and MANET, IoT has a wider scope that includes the device, the communication infrastructure, and the cloud. IoT applications are more diverse. They are different from the WSN and MANET applications, which are domain specific. IoT always involves the internet (IP based network) as the point of interest, so that it often requires multiple network interfaces on the gateway side. IoT also tends to use the existing standard of communication technology infrastructure, which is already available for the internet network.
  • 1.2K
  • 05 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Lead Halide Perovskites Opto-Electronic Devices
In Lead Halide Perovskites Opto-Electronic Devices, we will discuss the development in the LHP-based functional devices in recent years. After a brief presentation of the LHP's properties, we will focus on the functional devices including lasers, photodetectors, and modulators. Then the fabrication of the LHP-based devices will be presented, which is followed by the summary and outlook.
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Routing Protocols for Mobile IoT
IoT (Internet of Things) is the connection of devices to the Internet where devices are able to communicate with each other and their users, such as cameras, medical sensors, light-bulbs, and smoke alarms. IoT allows devices to assist daily routines, such as cars can be synced with calendars for appointment or meeting tracking to plan the best routes. According to the research done by IDC, there are already 13 billion connected devices in use worldwide in 2017 and the number could reach over 40 billion by 2025.
  • 1.2K
  • 15 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Wearable Devices and Work Safety
Today, ensuring work safety is considered to be one of the top priorities for various industries. Workplace injuries, illnesses, and deaths often entail substantial production and financial losses, governmental checks, series of dismissals, and loss of reputation. Wearable devices are one of the technologies that flourished with the fourth industrial revolution or Industry 4.0, allowing employers to monitor and maintain safety at workplaces.
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
EIS and IRT for Evaluating Lithium Batteries
During lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) ordinary operation, safety concerns are related to the possibility of overheating and, in extreme cases, to the risk of fire or explosion. Hence, it is crucial to implement proper safety measures in the design, manufacturing, and in the second life of LIBs, through a proper design of thermal management systems or short circuit protection. Regarding their durability, LIBs can face degradation over time due to repeated charge–discharge cycles. This might affect their charge retention capacity and their lifespan. Hence, ongoing research is being conducted to improve these aspects through advancements in materials, electrode design, and battery management systems. LIB development focuses on improving their efficiency by using environmentally friendly materials. The non-destructive testing (NDT) of LIBs can be classified into several categories. The commonly accepted taxonomy is based on their underlying physical principle of measurement, e.g., electromagnetic waves, thermal waves, mechanical waves, etc.
  • 1.2K
  • 16 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Radar Signal Intrapulse Modulation Recognition Based on DGDNet
Accurate recognition of radar modulation mode helps to better estimate radar echo parameters, thereby occupying an advantageous position in the radar electronic warfare (EW). The pure radar signal representation (PSR) is disentangled from the noise signal representation (NSR) through a feature disentangler and used to learn a radar signal modulation recognizer under low-SNR environments. Signal noise mutual information loss is proposed to enlarge the gap between the PSR and the NSR.
  • 1.2K
  • 16 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Ultra-Wideband Antenna on a Polymeric Substrate
The design, simulation, realization, and measurement of an ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna on a polymeric substrate have been realized. The UWB antenna was prepared using conventional technology, such as copper etching; inkjet printing, which is regarded as a modern and progressive nano-technology; and polymer thick-film technology in the context of screen-printing technology. The thick-film technology-based UWB antenna has a bandwidth of 3.8 GHz, with a central frequency of 9 GHz, and a frequency range of 6.6 to 10.4 GHz. In addition to a comparison of the technologies described, the results show that the mesh of the screens has a significant impact on the quality of the UWB antenna when utilizing polymeric screen-printing pastes.
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Multiple Input Multiple Output Systems
Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) systems have been gaining significant attention from the research community due to their potential to improve data rates.
  • 1.2K
  • 17 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Transformerless Multilevel Voltage-Source Inverter Topology
At present, renewable energies represent 25% of the global power generation capacity. The increase in clean energy facilities is mainly due to the high levels of pollution generated by the burning of fossil fuels to satisfy the growing electricity demand. The global capacity of generating electricity from solar energy has experienced a significant increase, reaching 505 GW in 2018. Today, multilevel inverters are used in PV systems to convert direct current into alternating current. However, the use of multilevel inverters in renewable energies applications presents different challenges; for example, grid-connected systems use a transformer to avoid the presence of leakage currents. The grid-connected systems must meet at least two international standards analyzed in this work: VDE 0126-1-1 and VDE-AR-N 4105, which establish a maximum leakage current of 300 mA and harmonic distortion maximum of 5%. Previously, DC/AC converters have been studied in different industrial applications.
  • 1.2K
  • 07 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Scheduling for Short-Term Load Forecasting
At electrical power distribution networks, energy is consumed at the same time as it is generated, since its storage is unfeasible on large scale. Therefore, load forecasting is required by Transmission System Operators (TSO) to manage energy grid operations and supplies. Load forecastings are required very often everyday, then a lot of prediction calculations are executed during every forecasting interval. In Europe, owing to directives and new technologies, prediction systems will change from hour to quarter-hour intervals. Therefore, a predictive system may not have enough time to compute all future forecasts. If all future intervals cannot be predicted by a forecasting load system, it will need a daily schedule to decide which future intervals will be forecasted at every moment of the day.
  • 1.2K
  • 21 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Denoising Techniques for High-Performance MEMS Microphones
The MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems) microphone is a representative device among the MEMS family, which has attracted substantial research interest, and those tailored for human voice have earned distinct success in commercialization. With the advancement of microphone technology and the market, microphones have become carriers for various intelligent applications, therefore demanding higher criteria in noise suppression. For instance, a hearing aid should suppress ambient noise while delivering relevant sounds to the user. Additionally, in specific environments, the noise performance of microphones is crucial for communication and intelligent voice-related needs such as voice activation and speech recognition.
  • 1.2K
  • 11 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Frequency Control and Virtual Inertia Emulation
Integrating renewable energy through inverter-based generators has decreased the power system’s inertia. Reduced inertia may lead to frequency instability during power imbalance disturbances, particularly in an isolated power system with limited inertia. The Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) and a virtual inertia (VI) emulation control system have become popular to mitigate this issue. Nonetheless, the BESS utilization for VI emulation is highly dependent on the availability of BESS capacity, which may affect the energy cost. Therefore, developing a VI emulation control strategy that requires less energy and can recover the state of charge (SoC) to a desired level to optimize BESS utilization is required.
  • 1.2K
  • 07 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Congestion Alleviation in the Deregulated Power System
Economic and geographical constraints led to reforms and deregulations in the power system to utilize resources optimally within the existing framework. The major hindrance in the efficient operation of the deregulated power system (DPS) is congestion, which is the result of the participation of private players under deregulation policies.
  • 1.2K
  • 16 Feb 2023
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