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Topic Review
Eminent Role of β2-AR in T Cells
Beta2-adrenergic receptors (β2-ARs) are an emerging class of receptors that are capable of modulating the functioning of immune cells. β2-AR is reported to activate regulatory immune cells and inhibit effector immune cells. Blocking β2-AR increases activation, proliferation, and cytokine release of T lymphocytes. Moreover, β2-AR deficiency during metabolic reprogramming of T cells increases mitochondrial membrane potential and biogenesis.
  • 687
  • 31 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Molecular Basis of Ferroptosis
Ferroptosis is a recently recognized iron-dependent form of non-apoptotic regulated cell death (RCD) characterized by lipid peroxide accumulation to lethal levels. Cancer cells, which show an increased iron dependency to enable rapid growth, seem vulnerable to ferroptosis. There is also increasing evidence that ferroptosis might be immunogenic and therefore could synergize with immunotherapies. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver tumor with a low survival rate due to frequent recurrence and limited efficacy of conventional chemotherapies, illustrating the urgent need for novel drug approaches or combinatorial strategies. Immunotherapy is a new treatment approach for advanced HCC patients.
  • 686
  • 03 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Myocardial Infarction Guided Emergency Hematopoiesis
“Emergency hematopoiesis” occurs after myocardial infarction (MI) and includes different processes: (1) the amplification of leukocyte production, (2) the maturation of alternative leukocyte subsets and (3) the release of myeloid cells from primary and secondary hematopoietic organs.
  • 686
  • 22 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Bovine Immunity and Vitamin D3
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is an environmentally hardy pathogen of ruminants that is transmitted via the fecal-oral route. Transition from subclinical to clinical infection is a dynamic process led by MAP, which survives and replicates in host macrophages. Hallmark clinical symptoms include granulomatous enteritis, watery diarrhea, and significant loss of body condition. Clinical stage disease is accompanied by dysfunctional immune responses and a reduction in circulating vitamin D3. The immunomodulatory role of vitamin D3 in infectious disease has been well established in humans, particularly in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. However, significant species differences exist between the immune system of humans and bovines, including effects induced by vitamin D3. 
  • 684
  • 27 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Metal-Based Nanoparticles for Cancer Metalloimmunotherapy
Metalloimmunotherapy offers a new form of cancer immunotherapy that utilizes the inherent immunomodulatory features of metal ions to enhance anticancer immune responses. Their versatile functionalities for a multitude of direct and indirect anticancer activities together with their inherent biocompatibility suggest that metal ions can help overcome the current issues associated with cancer immunotherapy. However, metal ions exhibit poor drug-like properties due to their intrinsic physicochemical profiles that impede in vivo pharmacological performance, thus necessitating an effective pharmaceutical formulation strategy to improve their in vivo behavior. Metal-based nanoparticles provide a promising platform technology for reshaping metal ions into more drug-like formulations with nano-enabled engineering approaches. 
  • 683
  • 01 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Molecular Mechanisms of IL18 in Disease
Interleukin 18 (IL18) was originally identified as an inflammation-induced cytokine that is secreted by immune cells. An increasing number of studies have focused on its non-immunological functions, with demonstrated functions for IL18 in energy homeostasis and neural stability. IL18 is reportedly required for lipid metabolism in the liver and brown adipose tissue. Furthermore, IL18 (Il18) deficiency in mice leads to mitochondrial dysfunction in hippocampal cells, resulting in depressive-like symptoms and cognitive impairment. 
  • 682
  • 20 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Cancer-Related Fatigue
Cancer treatments can cause adverse effects such as cancer-related fatigue. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are a relatively new therapy for some cancers and have shown great promise in helping people. Physical activity has been shown to aid many cancer patients to overcome adverse effects in traditional chemotherapy, but along with ICIs, it hasn’t been fully examined.
  • 680
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Targeting Immunosuppressive Adenosine Signaling
The tumor microenvironment regulates many aspects of cancer progression and anti-tumor immunity. Cancer cells employ a variety of immunosuppressive mechanisms to dampen immune cell function in the tumor microenvironment. While immunotherapies that target these mechanisms, such as immune checkpoint blockade, have had notable clinical success, resistance is common, and there is an urgent need to identify additional targets. Extracellular adenosine, a metabolite of ATP, is found at high levels in the tumor microenvironment and has potent immunosuppressive properties. Targeting members of the adenosine signaling pathway represents a promising immunotherapeutic modality that can potentially synergize with conventional anti-cancer treatment strategies. 
  • 679
  • 25 May 2023
Topic Review
Pathogenesis of Atopic Dermatitis
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is the most common inflammatory skin disorder worldwide, with a prevalence of 1–20% in both children and adults. It is believed to be the first step of the so-called ‘atopic march’ in which AD is followed by allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, allergic bronchial asthma, and food allergies. 
  • 678
  • 03 Mar 2022
Topic Review
M.tb PE_PGRS Acts as an Immunological Decoy
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) is a successful pathogen that can reside within the alveolar macrophages of the host and can survive in a latent stage. The pathogen has evolved and developed multiple strategies to resist the host immune responses. M.tb escapes from host macrophage through evasion or subversion of immune effector functions. M.tb genome codes for PE/PPE/PE_PGRS proteins, which are intrinsically disordered, redundant and antigenic in nature. These proteins perform multiple functions that intensify the virulence competence of M.tb majorly by modulating immune responses, thereby affecting immune mediated clearance of the pathogen. The highly repetitive, redundant and antigenic nature of PE/PPE/PE_PGRS proteins provide a critical edge over other M.tb proteins in terms of imparting a higher level of virulence and also as a decoy molecule that masks the effect of effector molecules, thereby modulating immuno-surveillance. An understanding of how these proteins subvert the host immunological machinery may add to the current knowledge about M.tb virulence and pathogenesis. This can help in redirecting our strategies for tackling M.tb infections.
  • 676
  • 18 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Types of Danger-Associated Molecular Patterns
The innate system is primed to sense “danger signals”, described as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), and respond to them, usually by activating the immune system and creating a pro-inflammatory environment. These DAMPs are molecules that are inherent to the organism but have a high pro-inflammatory power when they are detected in places where they are not usually present, such as in extracellular or free-form contexts, which is an indicator of tissue damage and produced in surgical processes. DAMPs are molecules inherent to the organism, but which have a high proinflammatory power by activating the inflammasome when detected in places where they are not usually present, such as in extracellular contexts or in free form. The presence of DAMPs is an indicator of tissue damage and can be produced in surgical processes. 
  • 674
  • 07 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Natural Killer Cells in Liver Fibrosis
Natural killer (NK) cells are a key component of innate immunity and have miscellaneous roles in liver health and disease. Accumulating evidence shows that NK cells play dual roles in the development and progression of liver fibrosis, including profibrotic and anti-fibrotic functions.
  • 674
  • 18 May 2023
Topic Review
Comparison of HMGB1 in Asthma and in COPD
The airway epithelium, through pattern recognition receptors expressed transmembrane or intracellularly, acts as a first line of defense for the lungs against many environmental triggers. It is involved in the release of alarmin cytokines, which are important mediators of inflammation, with receptors widely expressed in structural cells as well as innate and adaptive immune cells. Knowledge of the role of epithelial cells in orchestrating the immune response and mediating the clearance of invading pathogens and dead/damaged cells to facilitate resolution of inflammation is necessary to understand how, in many chronic lung diseases, there is a persistent inflammatory response that becomes the basis of underlying pathogenesis, in particular thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), as key mediators in driving the inflammation of chronic lung diseases, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), evaluating the similarities and differences.
  • 673
  • 09 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Repertoire for the Treatment of Malignant Melanoma
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have been used for the treatment of various types of cancers, including malignant melanoma. Mechanistic exploration of tumor immune responses is essential to improve the therapeutic efficacy of ICIs. Since tumor immune responses are based on antigen-specific immune responses, investigators have focused on T cell receptors (TCRs) and have analyzed changes in the TCR repertoire. The proliferation of T cell clones against tumor antigens is detected in patients who respond to treatment with ICIs. The proliferation of these T cell clones is observed within tumors as well as in the peripheral blood. Clonal proliferation has been detected not only in CD8-positive T cells but also in CD4-positive T cells, resident memory T cells, and B cells. Moreover, changes in the repertoire at an early stage of treatment seem to be useful for predicting the therapeutic efficacy of ICIs. Further analyses of the repertoire of immune cells are desirable to improve and predict the therapeutic efficacy of ICIs. 
  • 672
  • 10 Nov 2022
Topic Review
COVID-19 in Solid Organ Transplant Recipient
It is still uncertain whether recipients of solid organ transplant (SOT) are at increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and/or poor outcomes due to COVID-19 in comparison to the general population. In this study, we report the cumulative incidence and outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection in a cohort of 291 SOT recipients. The COVID-19 cumulative incidence in SOT recipients resulted slightly higher compared to that of age-matched population during the study period. Moreover, the SARS-CoV-2 antibody frequency was around 2.6-fold higher than the incidence of cases who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR, suggesting that the number of SOT recipients infected with SARS-CoV-2 is likely higher than described. In symptomatic recipients, kidney transplant was associated with a higher risk of developing moderate/critical disease, while common risk factors, including age and comorbidities, resulted less relevant for COVID-19 severity. Due to the high estimated crude mortality, symptomatic SOT recipients should be considered at high risk in case of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
  • 671
  • 19 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Bone Marrow as Central Immune System
Bone marrow is known as the site of hematopoiesis. What is not being described in textbooks of immunology is the fact that bone marrow is not only a generative, but also an antigen-responsive, immune organ. It is also a major storage site for antigen-specific memory B and T cells.
  • 665
  • 08 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Natural Killer Cells in Brief
Natural Killer (NK) cells are innate immune cells that play a multifaceted role in immune surveillance, host defense, and immune regulation. This research explores the fascinating world of NK cells, encompassing their discovery, classification, mechanisms of recognition, activation, and effector functions. 
  • 664
  • 08 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Regulatory TR3-56 Cells in Immune Activation and Regulation
The interplay between immune activation and immune regulation is a fundamental aspect of the functional harmony of the immune system. This delicate balance is essential to triggering correct and effective immune responses against pathogens while preventing excessive inflammation and the immunopathogenic mechanisms of autoimmunity. The knowledge of all the mechanisms involved in immune regulation is not yet definitive, and, probably, the overall picture is much broader than what has been described in the scientific literature so far. Given the plasticity of the immune system and the diversity of organisms, it is highly probable that numerous other cells and molecules are still to be ascribed to the immune regulation process. 
  • 664
  • 25 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Inflammatory Factors Involved in Cancer Transformation
Inflammation, when it became chronic, settles down the body’s normal inflammatory process, creating a favorable environment for the development of cancerous cells. There are numerous signaling pathways that are key contributors to generating epigenetic changes outside and inside the cell.
  • 663
  • 12 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Approaches to Enhance Tumor Antigenicity
Cancer immunotherapy has revolutionized the oncology field, but many patients still do not respond to the immunotherapy approaches. One of the main challenges in broadening the range of responses to this type of treatment is the limited source of tumor neoantigens. New approaches must be taken into consideration to overcome these shortcomings. The possibility of making tumors more antigenic represents a promising front to further improve the success of immunotherapy in cancer. 
  • 660
  • 09 Sep 2022
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