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Topic Review
Epstein–Barr Virus Latency
Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is one of eight known herpesviruses with the potential to infect humans. EBV latency, and more particularly the proteins expressed during this phase of the viral cycle, is heavily implicated in EBV-mediated oncogenesis.
  • 2.2K
  • 30 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Protein Kinase
Protein kinases (PKs) are enzymes that catalyze the transfer of the terminal phosphate group from ATP to a protein acceptor, mainly to serine, threonine, and tyrosine residues.
  • 2.2K
  • 15 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Coronaviruses
There are various coronaviruses high and low pathogenicity. The first being associated with a high morbidity and mortality. The SARS-CoV-2 leading to COVID-19 has spread globally and is associated with a high mortality especially in elderly patients and with certain comorbidities (hypertension, obesity, diabetes, etc). Currently there are only limited evidence-based treatment options such as dexamethason, remdesivir, and ICU care. Multiple treatment strategies are being evaluated since the pandemic is still evolving in most countries. 
  • 2.1K
  • 10 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Berberine in Oncogenic Herpesvirus Infections
Human herpesviruses are known to induce a broad spectrum of diseases, ranging from common cold sores to cancer, and infections with some types of these viruses, known as human oncogenic herpesviruses (HOHVs), can cause cancer. Challenges with viral latency, recurrent infections, and drug resistance have generated the need for finding new drugs with the ability to overcome these barriers. Berberine (BBR), a naturally occurring alkaloid, is known for its multiple biological activities, including antiviral and anticancer effects.
  • 2.1K
  • 02 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an acute and highly contagious disease affecting the cloven-hoofed animals, such as pigs and cattle. The pathogen that causes FMD is known as FMD virus (FMDV), a single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus that is classified into the genus Aphthovirus in the family Picornaviridae.
  • 2.1K
  • 15 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Poxviruses
Poxviruses possess a single, linear double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genome, which ranges in size from 127 to 456 kb and encodes several hundred gene products. Unlike most other DNA viruses, poxviruses replicate exclusively within the cytoplasm of permissive cells.
  • 2.1K
  • 24 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Interactions of SARS-CoV-2 & Variants with Cellular Components
Given the global scale of the COVID-19 pandemic and the health emergency it has caused, it is crucial to understand the impact of SARS-CoV-2 and its mutations. Here, we comprehensively review SARS-CoV-2 interactions with host cells, describe SARS-CoV-2 variants, assess impact of their protein mutations and enumerate databases with SARS-CoV-2 host-pathogen interaction data. 
  • 2.0K
  • 24 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Antisense Oligonucleotide-Based Therapy of Viral Infections
Antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) technology exploits a single-strand short oligonucleotide to either cause target RNA degradation or sterically block the binding of cellular factors or machineries to the target RNA. Chemical modification or bioconjugation of ASOs can enhance both its pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic performance, and it enables customization for a specific clinical purpose. ASO-based therapies have been used for treatment of genetic disorders, cancer and viral infections. In particular, ASOs can be rapidly developed for newly emerging virus and their reemerging variants. 
  • 2.0K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
NKT Cells
Natural killer T (NKT) cells, a small population of T cells, are capable of influencing a wide range of the immune cells, including T cells, B cells, dendritic cells and macrophages. NKT cells can influence the status of the innate and adaptive immune systems because they secrete huge amounts of Th1 and Th2 cytokines. Earlier, the NKT cells were characterized by the NK and T cell properties as they express the natural killer (NK) cell lineage markers and αβ T-cell receptor (TCR). NKT cells are more appropriately defined as “CD1d-restricted and TCR-αβ positive T cells”. In mice, the NKT cells constitute about 0.2–2.0% of lymphocytes in the blood, spleen, bone marrow and thymus, and about 15–35% of total lymphocytes in the liver. On the other hand, the levels of NKT cells are lower in humans, comprising about 0.04–1.3% of circulating lymphocytes in the blood, spleen and bone marrow. They make up about 0.001–0.01% of lymphocytes in the thymus and about 1% in the liver. The greater part of the NKT cells, called canonical or invariant NKT cells (iNKT cells) or type I NKT cells have a specific TCR α-chain rearrangement (Vα14-Jα18 in mice; Vα24-Jα18 in humans), associated with limited diverse Vβ chains. Type II NKT cells, also called non-classical NKT cells, are more diverse in TCR α-chain (but some Vα3.2-Jα9, Vα8 in mice) and TCR-β chains (but some Vβ8.2 in mice).
  • 2.0K
  • 13 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Nervous Necrosis Virus
Nervous necrosis virus (NNV) can infect many species of fish and caused an 80~100% mortality rate. NNV capsid protein (NNVCP) was the only structural proteins of NNV, but there are few studies on the protein-protein interaction between NNVCP and host cell. Here, we demonstrated 49 proteins in optic nerve tissue that could interact with NNVCP. A new mechanism of NNV morphogenesis is clarified by exploring the interaction between NNVCP and host cells. Moreover, CKB was identified as a novel enhancer for NNV through interacting with NNVCP. These findings may provide more accurate target proteins to understand NNV morphogenesis and provide new insights into the antiviral infection.
  • 2.0K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Bacterial Cellulose
Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a natural polymer that has fascinating attributes, such as biocompatibility, low cost, and ease of processing, being considered a very interesting biomaterial due to its options for moldability and combination. 
  • 2.0K
  • 28 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Oral Cavity during Viral and Bacterial Infections
Several viral diseases often affect the oral cavity; for example, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection may initially present with oral lesions, human papillomavirus (HPV) infection often increases the risk of developing oral squamous cell carcinoma, and oral damage has been documented during hepatitis B and C virus infections
  • 1.9K
  • 13 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Nuclear domains 10 (ND10)
Nuclear domains 10 (ND10), a.k.a. promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies (PML-NBs), are membraneless subnuclear domains that are highly dynamic in their protein composition in response to cellular cues. They are known to be involved in many key cellular processes including DNA damage response, transcription regulation, apoptosis, oncogenesis, and antiviral defenses.
  • 1.9K
  • 25 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Rocaglates Target DEAD-Box RNA-Helicase eIF4A
The increase in pandemics caused by RNA viruses of zoonotic origin highlights the urgent need for broad-spectrum antivirals against novel and re-emerging RNA viruses. Broad-spectrum anti-virals could be deployed as first-line interventions during an outbreak while virus-specific drugs and vaccines are developed and rolled out. Viruses depend on the host’s protein synthesis ma-chinery for replication. Several natural compounds that target the cellular DEAD-box RNA hel-icase eIF4A, a key component of the eukaryotic translation initiation complex eIF4F, have emerged as potential broad-spectrum antivirals. Rocaglates, a group of flavaglines of plant origin that clamp mRNAs with highly structured 5′ untranslated regions (5′UTRs) onto the surface of eIF4A through specific stacking interactions, exhibit the largest selectivity and potential therapeu-tic indices among all known eIF4A inhibitors. Their unique mechanism of action limits the inhibi-tory effect of rocaglates to the translation of eIF4A-dependent viral mRNAs and a minor fraction of host mRNAs exhibiting stable RNA secondary structures and/or polypurine sequence stretches in their 5′UTRs, resulting in minimal potential toxic side effects.
  • 1.9K
  • 23 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Hepatitis E Virus
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) (family Hepeviridae) is one of the most common human pathogens, causing acute hepatitis and an increasingly recognized etiological agent in chronic hepatitis and extrahepatic manifestations. Not only the members of the species Orthohepevirus A  (HEV-A) pathogenic to humans but a genetically highly divergent rat origin hepevirus (HEV-C1) in species Orthohepevirus C (HEV-C) is also able to cause zoonotic infection and symptomatic disease (hepatitis) in humans.
  • 1.9K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Usutu virus in Europe
Usutu virus (USUV) is an emerging arbovirus isolated in 1959 (Usutu River, Swaziland). Previously restricted to sub-Saharan Africa, the virus was introduced in Europe in 1996. While USUV has received little attention in Africa, the virus emergence has prompted numerous studies with robust epidemiological surveillance programs in Europe. Epizootics and genetic diversity of USUV in different bird species as well as detection of the virus in mosquitoes suggest repeated USUV introductions into Europe with endemization in some countries. The zoonotic potential of USUV has been reported in a growing number of human cases. Clinical cases of neuroinvasive disease and USUV fever, as well as seroconversion in blood donors were reported in Europe since 2009. Since spreading trends of USUV are likely to continue, continuous multidisciplinary interventions ('One Health' concept) should be conducted for monitoring and prevention of this emerging arboviral infection.
  • 1.9K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Molecular Mechanisms of Viroids
Viroids are one of the most inscrutable single-stranded, structured, circular RNA pathogens of plants as well as the smallest infectious agents ever known. Despite being incapable of coding for any proteins, viroids affect susceptible plant hosts with visually discernible symptoms resembling those induced by several plant viruses. Diener, 1967, 1971 discovered and exemplified the Potato Spindle Tuber Viroid (PSTVd), the first viroid ever known. He coined the term “viroid” to represent this diminutive, naked, protein-free, circular RNA plant pathogen. This conceptualization of the viroid was further substantiated by Sänger, 1972 as well as Semancik and Weathers, 1972, who identified the citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd) that is responsible for causing the citrus exocortis disease. Another viroid, the chrysanthemum stunt viroid (CSVd) is also one of the viroids initially identified. 
  • 1.9K
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Insect-Specific Viruses (ISVs)
Unlike arboviruses, which have a dual-host tropism by cycling between vertebrate hosts and arthropod vectors, ISVs replicate exclusively in arthropod populations, causing a persistent viral infection, as such they are mainly maintained in nature by vertical transmission route. ISVs are also refereed to as mosquito-specific viruses as they are generally identified and discovered in mosquitoes. They are nonetheless an important part of the mosquito microbiome. The first ISV identified is cell-fusing agent virus (CFAV), which was isolated from an Aedes aegypti (Ae. aegypti) cell culture.
  • 1.8K
  • 10 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Lassa Virus
Lassa virus (LASV), a member of the Mammarenavirus genus in the Arenaviridae family, is the causative agent of Lassa fever (LF). LASV was originally isolated and described in 1969 after a missionary nurse in Lassa, Nigeria became infected and died from the disease.
  • 1.8K
  • 13 May 2021
Topic Review
Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha (TNF-α) in COVID-19
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) became a worldwide concern at the beginning of 2020 and has affected millions. High levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukins are produced readily by innate immune cells to fight Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections. The presented work describes the potential of TNF-α in the prognosis, therapeutic and management of COVID-19.
  • 1.8K
  • 06 Apr 2023
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