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Topic Review
Roles of the CXCL8-CXCR1/2 Axis in Cancer
In humans, Interleukin-8 (IL-8 or CXCL8) is a granulocytic chemokine with multiple roles within the tumor microenvironment (TME), such as recruiting immunosuppressive cells to the tumor, increasing tumor angiogenesis, and promoting epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). 
  • 2.3K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
NLRP3 Inflammasome in Neurodegenerative
Inflammasomes are intracellular multiprotein complexes in the cytoplasm that regulate inflammation activation in the innate immune system in response to pathogens and to host self-derived molecules. The NLRP3 belongs to the subfamily of NLRP which activates caspase 1, thus causing the production of proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin 1β and interleukin 18) and pyroptosis. This inflammasome is involved in multiple neurodegenerative and metabolic disorders including Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and gout. 
  • 2.3K
  • 25 May 2022
Topic Review
Lactoferrin
Lactoferrin (Lf) is an iron-binding milk glycoprotein that promotes the growth of selected probiotic strains. The effect of Lf on the growth and diversification of intestinal microbiota may have an impact on several issues, including (i) strengthening the permeability of the epithelial cell monolayer, (ii) favoring the microbial antagonism that discourages the colonization and proliferation of enteric pathogens, (iii) enhancing the growth and maturation of cell-monolayer components and gut nerve fibers, and (iv) providing signals to balance the anti- and pro-inflammatory responses resulting in gut homeostasis.
  • 2.2K
  • 02 Nov 2021
Topic Review
FDA-Approved Multiple Sclerosis Drugs
The molecular effects of traditional and more recently FDA-approved Multiple Sclerosis (MS) drugs on four CNS cell types.
  • 2.2K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Microglia and Astrocytes Dysfunction in Parkinson’s Disease
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, with symptoms such as tremor, bradykinesia with rigidity, and depression appearing in the late stage of life. The key hallmark of PD is the loss or death of dopaminergic neurons in the region substantia nigra pars compacta. Neuroinflammation plays a key role in the etiology of PD, and the contribution of immunity-related events spurred the researchers to identify anti-inflammatory agents for the treatment of PD. Microglia and astrocyte dysregulation has been reported in PD. Patients with PD develop neural toxicity, inflammation, and inclusion bodies due to activated microglia and a-synuclein–induced astrocyte conversion into A1 astrocytes. 
  • 2.2K
  • 13 Apr 2023
Topic Review
T Cells and Adaptive Immune System in SARS-CoV-2
The coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic was caused by a positive sense single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Prior COVID-19 research on immunogens understandably focused on nAb responses, with less interest in overall cellular immunity. Interestingly, there is data accumulating which suggests that T cell responses are an important player in both natural and adaptive immunity as well as vaccine protection against chronic COVID-19 disease.
  • 2.2K
  • 20 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase in Cell Death Regulation
Telomerase is constitutively expressed in stem cells, including progenitor cells of skin, intestine and hematopoietic niches. It is temporarily induced in a number of proliferating cells, for example, in lymphocytes upon stimulation. Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT), a core part of telomerase, is considered as an intriguing link between multiple signaling pathways.
  • 2.2K
  • 19 Apr 2023
Topic Review
The Role of Wnt
Alterations in the Wnt signaling pathway are associated with the advancement of cancers; however, the exact mechanisms responsible remain largely unknown. It has recently been established that heightened intratumoral Wnt signaling correlates with tumor immunomodulation and immune suppression, which likely contribute to the decreased efficacy of multiple cancer therapeutics. Here, we review available literature pertaining to connections between Wnt pathway activation in the tumor microenvironment and local immunomodulation. We focus specifically on preclinical and clinical data supporting the hypothesis that strategies targeting Wnt signaling could act as adjuncts for cancer therapy, either in combination with chemotherapy or immunotherapy, in a variety of tumor types.
  • 2.1K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Major Cell Death Pathways
Programmed cell death (PCD) or apoptosis is an important form of cell-autonomous immune control over intracellular pathogens. PCD is mainly responsible for regulating animal development and tissue homeostasis, which regularly occurs in a broad range of human diseases, including immunological, developmental problems, neurodegeneration, and cancer.
  • 2.1K
  • 05 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Endocannabinoid System (ECS)
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is an essential signaling system in mammal physiology regulating several biological and disease conditions. ECS’s three main components are (i) cannabinoids receptors (CBR) CBR-1 and CBR-2; (ii) signaling molecules that are lipid-based termed the “endocannabinoids” (EC), endogenous ligands of the CBRs; and (iii) enzymes responsible for synthesizing and degrading ECs. ECS regulates multiple physiological processes, such as brain plasticity and neuronal development, cell death, inflammation, sleep, appetite, pain, and anxiety.
  • 2.1K
  • 24 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Pathophysiology of Cerebral Malaria and Treatment
Plasmodium falciparum causes over 90 percent of all malaria infections. Children under the age of 5 years and pregnant women were the most susceptible groups affected by malaria. The World Health Organization (WHO) has characterized malaria as severe and uncomplicated. Delays in the detection and treatment of an uncomplicated infection of P. falciparum malaria lead to complications of severe cerebral malaria (CM). CM is usually caused by P. falciparum, but Plasmodium vivax is rarely responsible for CM complications. CM is a severe neurological complication caused by Plasmodium falciparum infection, resulting in high mortality rates. CM is characterized by brain tissue hemorrhage, the accumulation of infected red blood cells and mononuclear cells in brain microvessels, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption. 
  • 2.1K
  • 11 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Microbial-Derived Toll-like Receptor Agonism in Cancer Treatment
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are typical transmembrane proteins, which are essential pattern recognition receptors in mediating the effects of innate immunity. TLRs recognize structurally conserved molecules derived from microbes and damage-associated molecular pattern molecules that play an important role in inflammation. 
  • 2.1K
  • 15 Jul 2022
Topic Review
NLRP3 Inflammasome Regulatory Mechanisms
The inflammasome is an intracellular molecular complex, which is mainly involved in innate immunity. Inflammasomes are formed in response to danger signals, associated with infection and injury, and mainly regulate the secretion of interleukin-1β and interleukin-18. Inflammasome dysregulation is known to be associated with various diseases and conditions, and its regulatory mechanisms have become of great interest in recent years. In the colon, inflammasomes have been reported to be associated with autophagy and the microbiota, and their dysregulation contributes to colitis and. However, the detailed role of inflammasomes in inflammatory bowel disease is still under debate because the mechanisms that regulate the inflammasome are complex and the inflammasome components and cytokines show seemingly contradictory multiple effects. 
  • 2.1K
  • 18 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Neutrophils in Obesity
Obesity is characterized by an increase in body weight associated with an exaggerated enlargement of the adipose tissue. Accumulation of fat in adipose tissue causes stress and malfunction of adipocytes, which then initiate inflammation. Next, adipose tissue is infiltrated by cells of the innate immune system. It has become evident that neutrophils, the most abundant leukocytes in blood, are the first immune cells infiltrating the adipose tissue. Neutrophils then get activated and release inflammatory factors that recruit macrophages and other immune cells. These immune cells, in turn, perpetuate the inflammation state by producing cytokines and chemokines that can reach other parts of the body, creating a systemic inflammatory condition.
  • 2.1K
  • 14 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products (RAGE)
As a critical molecule in the onset and sustainment of inflammatory response, the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) has a variety of ligands, such as advanced glycation end products (AGEs), S100/calcium granule protein, and high-mobility group protein 1 (HMGB1). An increasing number studies have shown that RAGE ligand binding can initiate the intracellular signal cascade, affect intracellular signal transduction, stimulate the release of cytokines, and play a vital role in the occurrence and development of immune-related diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and Alzheimer’s disease. In addition, other RAGE signaling pathways can play crucial roles in life activities, such as inflammation, apoptosis, autophagy, and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Therefore, the strategy of targeted intervention in the RAGE signaling pathway may have significant therapeutic potential, attracting increasing attention.
  • 2.0K
  • 25 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Natural Killer Cells in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Natural killer (NK) cells were first described in the 1970's and belong to a subgroup of the innate lymphoid cell family. They arise from common lymphoid progenitors, but unlike T cells and B cells, they lack genetically rearranged receptors, are independent of antigen specificity and rely on a balance of signals transduced via activating and inhibitory receptors to induce activation.
  • 2.0K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Tumor-Associated Macrophages in Targeting Solid Cancers
Macrophages are effector cells of the innate immune system, which can play a crucial role in the generation of anti-tumor immunity through their ability to phagocytose cancer cells and present tumor antigens to the cells of adaptive immunity. However, the macrophages that are recruited to the tumor microenvironment predominantly play pro-tumorigenic roles. Several strategies targeting pro-tumorigenic functions and harnessing the anti-tumorigenic properties of macrophages have shown promising results in preclinical studies, and a few of them have also advanced to clinical trials. 
  • 2.0K
  • 06 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Cecropins Gene Expression
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are naturally occurring molecules that are utilized as an innate immune response in a variety of organisms. AMPs can be constitutively expressed, and/or their transcription may be upregulated following pathogenic infection. Cecropins (Cecs) are insect AMPs, generally active against Gram-negative bacteria and to a lesser extent, Gram-positive bacteria. Some have been demonstrated to also exhibit an antifungal activity as well as anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor properties. Cecs function by associating their N- and C-terminal helices to the cellular membrane. Polar residues interact with the lipid phosphates while the non-polar residues burrow into the membrane. At high concentrations, Cecs form carpet-like structures with detergent-like properties that result in cell death. At low concentrations, Cecs organize into oligomers that form pores through the cellular phospholipid layer, resulting in an electrolyte imbalance that causes cell death. 
  • 2.0K
  • 30 Jul 2020
Topic Review
Dysregulation of Microbiome–Immunity Interaction in Various Diseases
Gut microbes and their metabolites are actively involved in the development and regulation of host immunity, which can influence disease susceptibility. The role of the microbiome as a protective force is supported by research indicating that immature microbiomes of neonates are more susceptible to invasion by pathobionts. During early years of development, exposure to various microbes shapes the immune system for a lifetime. The gut microbiome has a wide range of metabolic activities, including metabolizing lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, and participates in maintaining host homeostasis. Therefore, disruption of gut microbiome can lead to conditions as severe as cancer.
  • 2.0K
  • 06 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Neutrophils in Diabetes
Diabetes mellitus, commonly referred to only as diabetes, is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia over long periods of time. Neutrophils are the most abundant leukocytes in human blood, the primary effector cells of acute inflammation and the first responders to infections. Neutrophils are involved in obesity-related diabetes complications.
  • 2.0K
  • 19 Jul 2022
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