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Topic Review
16:9
16:9 (1.77:1) (16:9 = 42:32) is an aspect ratio with a width of 16 units and height of 9. Since 2010 it has become the most common aspect ratio for televisions and computer monitors, and is also the international standard format of HDTV, Full HD, non-HD digital television and analog widescreen television. This has replaced the old 4:3 aspect ratio.
  • 3.0K
  • 27 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Detecting Lithium Mineralizations from Space
Optical and thermal remote sensing data have been an important tool in geological exploration for certain deposit types. However, the present economic and technological advances demand the adaptation of the remote sensing data and image processing techniques to the exploration of other raw materials like lithium (Li). A review of the application studies and developments in this field was also made. The addressed topics include: (i) achievements made in Li exploration using remote sensing methods; (ii) the main weaknesses of the approaches; (iii) how to overcome these difficulties; and (iv) the expected research perspectives. We expect that the number of studies concerning this topic will increase in the near future and that remote sensing will become an integrated and fundamental tool in Li exploration.
  • 3.0K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Grand Power K100
The K100 is a 9×19mm semi-automatic pistol designed and built by Grand Power s.r.o. in Slovenská Ľupča, Slovakia located approximately 11 kilometers east of Banská Bystrica, Slovakia which is the region's major city.
  • 3.0K
  • 03 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Wink
A wink is a facial expression made by briefly closing one eye. A wink is an informal mode of non-verbal communication usually signaling shared hidden knowledge or intent. However, it is ambiguous by itself and highly dependent upon additional context, without which a wink could become misinterpreted or even nonsensical. For example, in some regions of the world, a wink may be considered rude or offensive. And depending on the relationship of the people involved, a wink could possibly constitute a sexual gesture.
  • 3.0K
  • 07 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Sodium Glucose Co-transporter 2 Inhibitors
Sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are effective antihyperglycemic agents by inhibiting glucose reabsorption in the proximal tubule of the kidney. 
  • 3.0K
  • 09 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Silicon Nanoparticles from Sugarcane Bagasse Ash
The silica comes from the soil in the form of silicic acid, which the sugarcane plant absorbs and collects around the cellulose micro-compartments.
  • 3.0K
  • 12 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Substrate
In chemistry, a substrate is typically the chemical species being observed in a chemical reaction, which reacts with a reagent to generate a product. It can also refer to a surface on which other chemical reactions are performed, or play a supporting role in a variety of spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. In synthetic and organic chemistry, the substrate is the chemical of interest that is being modified. In biochemistry, an enzyme substrate is the material upon which an enzyme acts. When referring to Le Chatelier's principle, the substrate is the reagent whose concentration is changed. The term substrate is highly context-dependent.
  • 3.0K
  • 06 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in Cancer
The emergence of immunotherapy has been an astounding breakthrough in cancer treatments. In particular, immune checkpoint inhibitors, targeting PD-1 and CTLA-4, have shown remarkable therapeutic outcomes. However, response rates from immunotherapy have been reported to be varied, with some having pronounced success and others with minimal to no clinical benefit. An important aspect associated with this discrepancy in patient response is the immune-suppressive effects elicited by the tumour microenvironment (TME). Immune suppression plays a pivotal role in regulating cancer progression, metastasis, and reducing immunotherapy success. Most notably, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), a heterogeneous population of immature myeloid cells, have potent mechanisms to inhibit T-cell and NK-cell activity to promote tumour growth, development of the pre-metastatic niche, and contribute to resistance to immunotherapy. Accumulating research indicates that MDSC can be a therapeutic target to alleviate their pro-tumourigenic functions and immunosuppressive activities to bolster the efficacy of checkpoint inhibitors.
  • 3.0K
  • 25 May 2021
Topic Review
Phosphorus Compounds of Natural Origin
Natural phosphorus compounds are essential for modern biological systems, and their diverse biological properties testify to their importance in the world of living organisms. They provide stable ligation necessary for fixing information in RNA and DNA, contribute to cellular structure in phospholipids, serve as the main source of biochemical energy (eg, ATP, phosphoenolpyruvate, creatinephosphate), and are present in a large number of metabolites. Сentral place that phosphates retain in biological systems allows us to conclude that they played an important role in the emergence of life on Earth. In recent years, a large number of natural phosphorus compounds have been isolated from living organisms and significant advances have been made in understanding the effect of phosphates on prebiotic chemistry.
  • 3.0K
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Froth Washing in Flotation
Froth flotation is a mineral processing technique that is popular when processing low-grade ores. It involves introducing chemically treated, finely ground ore in the form of a slurry into a flotation cell where the air is also added in the form of bubbles. The cell is agitated resulting in the air bubbles rising to the top and creating a froth, as bubbles rise, hydrophilic particles attach to the rising bubbles creating a froth which is collected in the weir or using launders for further treatment. The froth is washed using various froth-washing techniques to reduce entrainment and improve the grade of the froth. Froth washing can be achieved using froth washing jets or froth washing trays, this can be achieved internally/externally with regards to the position in the froth layer.
  • 3.0K
  • 30 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Woolly Mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius)
The woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) was a large, elephant-like mammal that lived during the Ice Age. It belonged to the family Elephantidae, which includes modern elephants. It was characterized by its long, curved tusks, thick fur, and adaptations to extremely cold climates. The woolly mammoth was one of the last surviving members of the Mammuthus genus and played a significant role in Pleistocene ecosystems. Its extinction around 4,000 years ago was due to a combination of climate change and human activity.
  • 3.0K
  • 19 Mar 2025
Topic Review
Non-alcoholic Fraction of Beer
The present review focuses on the effects of non-alcoholic components of beer on abdominal fat, osteoporosis and body hydration in women, conditions selected for their relevance to health and aging. Although beer drinking is commonly believed to cause abdominal fat deposition, the available literature indicates this outcome is inconsistent in women. Additionally, the non-alcoholic beer fraction might improve bone health in postmenopausal women, and the effects of beer on body hydration, although still unconfirmed seem promising. Most of the health benefits of beer are due to its bioactive compounds, mainly polyphenols, which are the most studied. As alcohol-free beer also contains these compounds, it may well offer a healthy alternative to beer consumers.
  • 3.0K
  • 01 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Fe-Based Magnetic Amorphous Alloys
Amorphous alloys for soft magnetic applications are often fabricated by rapid solidification of the melt. They are generally prepared with the nearly 20% addition of metalloids (Si, B, Al, C and P) for Fe-based and Co-based alloys. Si and B are important metalloids for glass formation and the amorphous structure stabilisation. Typical chemical compositions are such that the combined compositions of Fe, Co, Ni elements are 70–85 atomic (at.)% and those of Si and B are 15–30 at.% in total. However, magnetic glassy alloys have a wide variety of compositions. This allows for a large range of soft magnetic properties to be achieved, which depend upon the demands of the application.
  • 3.0K
  • 28 Apr 2021
Topic Review
DME Synthesis from CO2 and Renewable Hydrogen
Carbon Capture and Utilization (CCU) is a viable solution to valorise the CO2 captured from industrial plants’ flue gas, thus avoiding emitting it and synthesizing products with high added value. The first step in a CCU process is the capturing of CO2 through well-known technologies, such as oxyfuel combustion, pre-combustion or post-combustion, or as a direct-air capture process. Post-combustion carbon capture can be achieved by physical or chemical separation methods, such as membranes, adsorption, absorption and cryogenic processes. After having captured and concentrated the CO2, it can be fed to a chemical reactor for its conversion into products, such as syngas, urea, methane, ethanol, formic acid, etc.
  • 3.0K
  • 31 May 2022
Topic Review
Cat Senses
Cat senses are adaptations that allow cats to be highly efficient predators. Cats are good at detecting movement in low light, have an acute sense of hearing and smell, and their sense of touch is enhanced by long whiskers that protrude from their heads and bodies. These senses evolved to allow cats to hunt effectively at night.
  • 3.0K
  • 09 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Thin-Layer Chromatography in the Screening of Botanicals
Thin-layer chromatography both in its standard (TLC) and high-performance (HPTLC) format is known as a versatile and high-throughput liquid chromatography technique, with a wide range of important applications. These applications can roughly be divided into those in direct service of life sciences (such as botany, phytochemistry and medicine, and handling rather fundamental issues such as contributing to chemotaxonomy of plants, or searching for enzyme inhibitor templates) and the more practical goals.
  • 3.0K
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Knowledge Graph
The Google Knowledge Graph is a knowledge base used by Google and its services to enhance its search engine's results with information gathered from a variety of sources. The information is presented to users in an infobox next to the search results. Knowledge Graph infoboxes were added to Google's search engine in May 2012, starting in the United States, with international expansion by the end of the year. The information covered by Google's Knowledge Graph grew quickly after launch, tripling its size within seven months (covering 570 million entities and 18 billion facts) and answering "roughly one-third" of the 100 billion monthly searches Google processed in May 2016. It has been criticized for providing answers without source attribution or citation. Information from the Knowledge Graph is presented as a box, which Google has referred to as the "knowledge panel", to the right (top on mobile) of search results. According to Google, this information is retrieved from many sources, including the CIA World Factbook, Wikidata, and Wikipedia. In October 2016, Google announced that the Knowledge Graph held over 70 billion facts; by May 2020, this had grown to 500 billion facts on 5 billion entities. There is no official documentation of how the Knowledge Graph is implemented. It is used to answer direct spoken questions in Google Assistant and Google Home voice queries.
  • 3.0K
  • 02 Dec 2022
Topic Review
NK Cell Immunotherapy using Nanoparticles
Among various immunotherapies, natural killer (NK) cell cancer immunotherapy using adoptive transfer of NK cells takes a unique position by targeting tumor cells that evade the host immune surveillance. As the first-line innate effector cell, it has been revealed that NK cells have distinct mechanisms to both eliminate cancer cells directly and amplify the anticancer immune system. Over the last 40 years, NK cell cancer immunotherapy has shown encouraging reports in pre-clinic and clinic settings. In total, 288 clinical trials are investigating various NK cell immunotherapies to treat hematologic and solid malignancies in 2021. However, the clinical outcomes are unsatisfying, with remained challenges. The major limitation is attributed to the immune-suppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), low activity of NK cells, inadequate homing of NK cells, and limited contact frequency of NK cells with tumor cells. Innovative strategies to promote the cytolytic activity, durable persistence, activation, and tumor-infiltration of NK cells are required to advance NK cell cancer immunotherapy. As maturing nanotechnology and nanomedicine for clinical applications, there is a greater opportunity to augment NK cell therapeutic efficacy for the treatment of cancers. Active molecules/cytokine delivery, imaging, and physicochemical properties of nanoparticles are well equipped to overcome the challenges of NK cell cancer immunotherapy.
  • 3.0K
  • 26 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Ushguli in Tourism (Svaneti, Georgia)
The village community of Ushguli, located in the Upper Svaneti region in the North of Georgia, which attained UNESCO World Heritage status in 1996. Since around 2010, Ushguli has seen a step-by-step rise in tourism. Until now, it has found itself relatively unprepared to meet visitors’ interests and needs and cope with the diverse aspects of modern lifestyles.
  • 3.0K
  • 13 May 2022
Topic Review
Dispersion
A dispersion is a system in which distributed particles of one material are dispersed in a continuous phase of another material. The two phases may be in the same or different states of matter. Dispersions are classified in a number of different ways, including how large the particles are in relation to the particles of the continuous phase, whether or not precipitation occurs, and the presence of Brownian motion. In general, dispersions of particles sufficiently large for sedimentation are called suspensions, while those of smaller particles are called colloids and solutions.
  • 3.0K
  • 11 Oct 2022
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