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Topic Review
Spectral Quality of Light and In Vitro Proliferation
The spectral quality of light significantly influences the shoot biological response. Since plant photoreceptors responsible for plant development and photosynthesis are known to be primarily and most significantly stimulated by red (RL) and blue (BL) regions of the light spectrum, most of the studies evaluated the impact of monochromatic RL (660 nm), BL (460 nm) and combined BL (440–480 nm) with RL (630–665 nm) lights. Scarce is the information available on the effects of the far-red (FRL), green (GL) and yellow (YL) regions of the spectrum. For each light spectrum, the evaluated effects concern the proliferation rate and characters related to development, morphology and plantlet quality, i.e., shoot length, fresh and dry weight and photosynthetic pigment accumulation. In fact, the light treatments yielding higher chlorophyll and carotenoid contents (relevant components of the light-harvesting antenna of photosystems) are generally linked with improved fresh and dry matter accumulation and shoot growth.
  • 920
  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Metal Nanoparticals Elaborated Fiber Sensors
Metal nano-particles-modified optical fiber LSPR sensor has high sensitivity and compact structure, which can realize the real-time monitoring of physical parameters, environmental parameters (temperature, humidity), and biochemical molecules (pH value, gas-liquid concentration, protein molecules, viruses). In this paper, both fabrication and application of the metal nano-particles modified optical fiber LSPR sensor probe are reviewed, and its future development is predicted.
  • 919
  • 17 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Bioupcycling Technology for Sustainable Plastic Waste Management
Effective plastic bioupcycling processes that can act as a drive to increase waste removal from the environment and valorize post-consumer plastic streams, thus accelerating the implementation of a circular (plastic) economy.
  • 918
  • 30 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Legionella and Biofilms
Legionella is responsible for the life-threatening pneumonia commonly known as Legionnaires’ disease or legionellosis. Legionellosis is known to be preventable if proper measures are put into practice. Despite the efforts to improve preventive approaches, Legionella control remains one of the most challenging issues in the water treatment industry. Legionellosis incidence is on the rise and is expected to keep increasing as global challenges become a reality. This puts great emphasis on prevention, which must be grounded in strengthened Legionella management practices. The perpetuation of a water focused monitoring approach and the importance of protozoa and biofilms are bottom-line questions for reliable Legionella real-field surveillance. Under this scope an integrated monitoring model is proposed to study and control Legionella at water systems, by combining discrete and continuous information about water and biofilm. Although the successful implementation of such model requires a broader discussion across the scientific community and practitioners, this might be a starting point to build more consistent Legionella management strategies that can effectively mitigate legionellosis risks by reinforcing a pro-active Legionella prevention philosophy.
  • 917
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Micropropagation Protocol of Phyllanthus niruri
Phyllanthus niruri (P. niruri) or Dukung Anak is a herbal plant in the Phyllanthaceae family that has been used traditionally to treat various ailments such as diabetes, jaundice, flu and cough. P. niruri contains numerous medicinal benefits such as anti-tumor and anti-carcinogenic properties and a remedy for hepatitis B viral infection. Due to its beneficial properties, P. niruri is overharvested and wild plants become scarce. This study was conducted to develop an appropriate in vitro culture protocol for the mass production of P. niruri. An aseptic culture of P. niruri was established followed by multiplication of explants using different types of basal medium and its strength and plant growth regulators manipulation. This study also established the induction of in vitro rooting utilizing various types and concentrations of auxin. Treatment of Clorox® with 30% concentration showed the lowest percentage (%) of contamination, 4.44% in P. niruri culture. Nodal segments of P. niruri were successfully induced in full-strength of Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal media with 2.33 number of shoots, 3.11 cm length of shoot and 27.91 number of leaves. In addition, explants in full-strength MS media without any additional cytokinin were recorded as the optimum results for all parameters including the number of shoots (5.0 shoots), the length of shoots (3.68 cm) and the number of leaves (27.33 leaves). Treatment of 2.5 µM indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) showed the highest number of roots (17.92 roots) and root length (1.29 cm). Rooted explants were transferred for acclimatization, and the plantlet showed over 80% of survival rate. In conclusion, plantlets of P. niruri were successfully induced and multiplied via in vitro culture, which could be a step closer to its commercialization.
  • 912
  • 10 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Nutrient-Limited Operational Strategies for Microbial Production of Biochemicals
Limiting an essential nutrient has a profound impact on microbial growth. The notion of growth under limited conditions was first described using simple Monod kinetics proposed in the 1940s. Different operational modes (chemostat, fed-batch processes) were soon developed to address questions related to microbial physiology and cell maintenance and to enhance product formation. With more recent developments of metabolic engineering and systems biology, as well as high-throughput approaches, the focus of current engineers and applied microbiologists has shifted from these fundamental biochemical processes. 
  • 912
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Nostocyclopeptides
Nostocyclopeptides (Ncps) are a small class of bioactive nonribosomal peptides thus far identified only in cyanobacteria of the genus Nostoc. They are composed of six-seven amino acid residues and contain a unique imino linkage formed between C-terminal aldehyde and an N-terminal amine group of the conserved tyrosine. Nostocyclopeptides occur both in cyclic and linear form.
  • 910
  • 05 Nov 2021
Topic Review
RNAi for Western Corn Rootworm Management
The western corn rootworm (WCR), Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, is an annual pest of maize in the United States Corn Belt. Larval feeding on the root system can promote significant yield loss through reduced water and nutrient uptake and decreased plant stability. Various management tactics, including crop rotation, insecticides, and transgenic crops expressing Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner proteins, have been used to manage WCR densities. However, resistance has evolved to each of these tactics in local areas, highlighting the need for new management strategies. The use of RNA interference (RNAi) technology for WCR management represents the next phase of species-specific pest management. 
  • 909
  • 14 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Membrane Proteins on Artificial Lipid Membranes
Membrane proteins play an important role in key cellular functions, such as signal transduction, apoptosis, and metabolism. Therefore, structural and functional studies of these proteins are essential in fields such as fundamental biology, medical science, pharmacology, biotechnology, and bioengineering.
  • 908
  • 04 May 2023
Topic Review
Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1
Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) is a rare autosomal dominant inherited multiple cancer syndrome of neuroendocrine tissues. Tumors are caused by an inherited germinal heterozygote inactivating mutation of the MEN1 tumor suppressor gene, followed by a somatic loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of the MEN1 gene in target neuroendocrine cells, mainly at parathyroids, pancreas islets, and anterior pituitary. Over 1500 different germline and somatic mutations of the MEN1 gene have been identified, but the syndrome is completely missing a direct genotype-phenotype correlation, thus supporting the hypothesis that exogenous and endogenous factors, other than MEN1 specific mutation, are involved in MEN1 tumorigenesis and definition of individual clinical phenotype.
  • 907
  • 15 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Liquid Biopsy Technology
Liquid biopsy, which surmounts the limitation of tissue biopsy, is evaluated as a potential tool for early cancer detection and monitoring. By sampling from blood, stool, urine, saliva, and other fluid samples, liquid biopsy provides a non-invasive and feasible cancer detection service. Compared with tissue biopsy, liquid biopsy is also more comprehensive to evaluate tumor heterogeneity since tumor sites can release aberrant signals into body fluid.
  • 907
  • 23 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Endophytes for Curtailing Advanced Glycation End Products
Endophytes, microorganisms that live in the internal tissues and organs of plants, are known to produce numerous bioactive compounds, including, at times, some phytochemicals of their host plant. So, endophytes have been quoted as a potential source for discovering bioactive compounds, particularly, of medical interest, including compounds that inhibit the formation or prevent an excessive accumulation of Advanced glycation end products (AGEs). The high levels of AGEs in body tissues are linked with the pathogenesis and development of some non-communicable diseases (NCDs) that are threatening global human health, noticeably: diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and other ailments linked to chronic inflammation and ageing. For that reason, endophytes as a source of compounds able to reduce AGEs could represent a possible treatment alternative for some NCDs.
  • 907
  • 22 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Enzymes Catalyzing CO2 to Organic Compounds
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the main greenhouse gas emitted from human activities such as burning coal, oil, and natural gas, and is considered one of the causes of global warming and climate change. Efforts are being made worldwide to reduce CO2 in the atmosphere and ultimately achieve carbon neutrality. 
  • 904
  • 20 May 2022
Topic Review
miRNA-Based Technologies in Cancer Therapy
The discovery of therapeutic miRNAs is one of the most exciting challenges for pharmaceutical companies. Since the first miRNA was discovered in 1993, our knowledge of miRNA biology has grown considerably. Many studies have demonstrated that miRNA expression is dysregulated in many diseases, making them appealing tools for novel therapeutic approaches.
  • 904
  • 23 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Immobilized Biocatalysts for the Synthesis of Exopolysaccharides
Biocatalytic synthesis of polysaccharides (PSs) is one of the promising and topical areas of the development of modern biotechnology. The variety of useful properties (the ability for gelation, the formation of viscous solutions, high adhesive ability, etc.) helps the PSs to find still newer applications in a plethora of fields. Biocatalysts determine the possible range of renewable raw materials which can be used as substrates for such synthesis, as well as the biochemistry of the process and the rate of molecular transformations. The functioning of biocatalysts can be optimized using the following main approaches of synthetic biology: the use of recombinant biocatalysts, the creation of artificial consortia, the combination of nano- and microbiocatalysts, and their immobilization. New biocatalysts can help expand the variety of the polysaccharides’ useful properties. 
  • 902
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Role of Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles in Neurodegenerative Disease
Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles (BEVs) possess the capability of intracellular interactions with other cells, and, hence, can be utilized as an efficient cargo for worldwide delivery of therapeutic substances such as monoclonal antibodies, proteins, plasmids, siRNA, and small molecules for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). BEVs additionally possess a remarkable capacity for delivering these therapeutics across the blood–brain barrier to treat Alzheimer’s disease (AD).
  • 902
  • 26 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Rhizobia as Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria
Rhizobia can associate with non-legume roots, which ultimately leads to the stimulation of growth through diverse direct and indirect mechanisms. For example, rhizobia can enhance growth through phytohormones production, the improvement of plant nutrient uptake, such as the solubilization of precipitated phosphorus, the production of siderophores to address iron needs, and also the reduction of ethylene levels through the aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase enzyme to cope with drought stress. Additionally, rhizobia can improve, indirectly, non-legume growth through biocontrol of pathogens and the induction of systemic resistance in the host plant. It can also increase root adherence to soil by releasing exopolysaccharides, which regulate water and soil nutrient movement.
  • 901
  • 21 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Probiotics, Gut Microbiota, and Mental Health
Probiotics are gradually gaining importance in the field of psychiatry in the form of psychobiotics. The term psychobiotics was introduced to define a new class of probiotics able to produce substances that can affect the gut–brain connection, improve mood, decrease anxiety and depression, and bring many other benefits. The term itself suggests the connection both with the psyche and with the world of probiotics.
  • 900
  • 03 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Response to Abiotic Stresses of Birch, Oak, Poplar
Birch (Betula spp.), oak (Quercus spp.), and poplar (Populus spp.) are the most promising deciduous woody plants in forestry. These species were found to be sensitive to climate change that can badly affect their plantations. Thus, a deep understanding of genetic mechanisms of adaptation to adverse environmental conditions plays an important role in preventing the reduction of deciduous forest area. The stress responses of Betula spp., Quercus spp., and Populus spp. are described to drought and salt stresses
  • 900
  • 19 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Biotechnologies in Perfume Manufacturing
The fragrance industry is increasingly turning to biotechnology to produce sustainable and high-quality fragrance ingredients. Microbial-based approaches have been found to be particularly promising, as they offer a more practical, economical and sustainable alternative to plant-based biotechnological methods for producing terpene derivatives of perfumery interest. Among the evaluated works, the heterologous expression of both terpene synthase and mevalonate pathway into Escherichia coli has shown the highest yields.
  • 899
  • 09 May 2023
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