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Biocatalytic synthesis of polysaccharides (PSs) is one of the promising and topical areas of the development of modern biotechnology. The variety of useful properties (the ability for gelation, the formation of viscous solutions, high adhesive ability, etc.) helps the PSs to find still newer applications in a plethora of fields. Biocatalysts determine the possible range of renewable raw materials which can be used as substrates for such synthesis, as well as the biochemistry of the process and the rate of molecular transformations. The functioning of biocatalysts can be optimized using the following main approaches of synthetic biology: the use of recombinant biocatalysts, the creation of artificial consortia, the combination of nano- and microbiocatalysts, and their immobilization. New biocatalysts can help expand the variety of the polysaccharides’ useful properties.
Biocatalyst [Reference]; Features of Cells |
Substrate Specificity of BTCs and Main Product (PS) | Conditions for BTCs’ Use | Rate of PS Synthesis |
---|---|---|---|
Dextran | |||
Leuconostoc mesenteroides SF3 [33] | Sucrose-100.0 g/L Dextran-22.5 g/L |
pH 6.5, 30 °C, 20 h | 1.13 g/L/h |
L. mesenteroides SF3 [34] | Sucrose-100.0 g/L Dextran-20.8 g/L |
pH 6.0, 28 °C, 24 h | 0.87 g/L/h |
Weissella confusa R003 [35] | Sucrose-100.0 g/L/ Dextran-25.0 g/L |
pH 7.5, 30 °C, 24 h, 125 rpm | 1.04 g/L/h |
L. mesenteroides N7 [36] | Sucrose 100.0 g/L/ Dextran-13.2 g/L |
30 °C, 24 h, 100 rpm |
0.55 g/L/h |
L. citreum B-2 [37] | Sucrose 75.0 g/L/ Dextran-28.3 g/L |
30 °C, 48 h, 80 rpm | 0.59 g/L/h |
L. pseudomesenteroides XG5 [38] | Sucrose-125.0 g/L/ Dextran-35.5 g/L |
30 °C, 48 h | 0.74 g/L/h |
L. pseudomesenteroides G29 [39] | Sucrose-101.4 g/L/ Dextran-38.4 g/L |
pH 5.5, 30 °C, 10 h, 200 rpm |
3.84 g/L/h |
W. cibaria 27 [40] | Sucrose-60.0 g/L Dextran-24.8 |
pH 6.2, 22 °C,24 h | 1.03 g/L/h |
W. confusa Ck15 [41] | Sucrose-20.0 g/L Chickpea flour-280.0 g/L Dextran-14.9 g/L |
pH 6.3, 30 °C, 24 h |
0.62 g/L/h |
L. mesenteroides NRRL B-512F [42] | Sucrose-200.0 g/L Milk permeate powder-150.0 g/L Dextran-42.9 g/L |
30 °C, 24 h | 1.79 g/L/h |
L. mesenteroides MTCC 7337 [43] | Sugars in sugarcane juice-50.0 g/L Dextran-14.3 g/L |
pH 7.0, 30 °C, 72 h, 150 rpm |
0.20 g/L/h |
L. pseudomesenteroides DSM20193 [44] | Sucrose-40.0 g/L Brewers’ spent grain-100.0 g/L Dextran-11.1 g/L |
pH 6.4, 25 °C, 24 h, 200 rpm |
0.46 g/L/h |
Lactobacillus mali CUPV271 [45] | Sucrose-20 g/L/ Dextran-11.7 g/L |
pH 5.5; 28 °C; 48 h |
0.24 g/L/h |
Weissella cibaria 10 M; mutant strain [46] | Sucrose-171.0 g/L Dextran-14.0 g/L |
pH 5.4–6.2, 25 °C, 24 h | 0.58 g/L/h |
L. mesenteroides KIBGE-IB22M20; mutant strain [47] * | Sucrose-250.0 g/L Dextran-10.5 g/L |
pH 7.5, 25 °C, 12 h | 0.88 g/L/h |
L. mesenteroides subsp. dextranicum B-5481; immobilized in PVA cryogel [48] | Sucrose-200.0 g/L/ Dextran-63.0 g/L |
pH 7.0, 28 °C, 15 h, 200 rpm |
4.20 g/L/h; reuse in 5 cycles |
L. mesenteroides KIBGE HA1 [49]; immobilized in Ca-alginate gel |
Sucrose-100.0 g/L Dextran-8.0 g/L |
pH 5.0, 30 °C, 24 h 200 rpm |
0.33 g/L/h; reuse in 12 cycles |
Levan | |||
Bacillus subtilis MTCC 441 [50] | Sucrose-100.0 g/L Levan-30.4 g/L |
pH 7.0, 37 °C, 20 h, 150 rpm |
1.52 g/L/h |
Z. mobilis PTCC 1718 [51] | Sucrose-300.0 g/L Levan-57.0 g/L |
28 °C, 48 h | 1.19 g/L/h |
Bacillus sp. MTCC 1434 [52] | Sucrose-250.0 g/L Levan-61.0 g/L |
pH 6.0, 30 °C, 30 h, 100 rpm |
2.03 g/L/h |
Brachybacterium phenoliresistens KX139300 [53] |
Sucrose-300.0 g/L Levan-8.6 g/L |
pH 7.8, 30 °C, 72 h, 150 rpm |
0.12 g/L/h |
B. subtilis (NCIM 5021) [50] | Fresh coconut inflorescence sap (sugars g/L: sucrose–172.3 glucose-16.2, fructose-6.2) Levan-62.1 g/L |
pH 6.5, 35 °C, 17 h, 150 rpm |
3.65 g/L/h |
Zymomonas mobilis CCT4494; immobilized in PVA cryogel [54] | Sucrose-300.0 g/L Levan-81.2 g/L |
pH 7.0, 30 °C, 12 h |
6.77 g/L/h |
Z. mobilis CCT4494; immobilized in Ca-alginate gel [55] | Sucrose-350.0 g/L Levan-21.1 g/L |
pH 4.0, 30 °C, 24 h, 200 rpm |
0.88 g/L/h; reuse in 12 cycles |
Z. mobilis CCT4494; immobilized on sugarcane bagasse [56] | Sucrose-350.0 g/L Levan-32.1 g/L |
pH 4.0, 30 °C, 24 h |
1.34 g/L/h; reuse in 12 cycles |
Xanthan | |||
Xanthomonas campestris AM001 [57] | Maltose-70.0 g/L Xanthan-40.7 g/L |
pH 7.0, 32 °C, 80 h, 600 rpm |
0.51 g/L/h |
X. campestris ATCC 13951 [58] | Winery wastewater (sugars g/L-30.7) Xanthan-23.9 g/L |
pH 7.0, 29 °C, 96 h, 475 rpm |
0.25 g/L/h |
X. campestris pv. campestris 1866 and 1867 [59] | Coconut shells or cocoa husks hydrolysates-20.0 g/L (25.0 g/L of sugars) Xanthan-3.6 g/L (coconut shells) Xanthan-4.5 g/L (cocoa husks) |
28 °C, 96 h, 250 rpm |
0.04–0.05 g/L/h |
X. campestris WXLB-006; mutant strain [60] | Glycerol-40.0 g/L (+fed batch 1–3 g/L/h) Xanthan-33.9 g/L |
pH 7.0, 30 °C, 60 h, 200 rpm |
0.57 g/L/h |
X. campestris ATCC 13951; immobilized in polyurethane foam [61] | Sucrose-50.0 g/L/ Xanthan-59.9 g/L |
28 °C, 96 h, 180 rpm |
0.62 g/L/h; reuse in 12 cycles |
X. campestris PTCC 1473; self-immobilized cells on stainless-steel support [62] | Glucose-20.0 g/L/ Xanthan-3.5 g/L |
pH-6.9, 30 °C, 47 h, 180 rpm |
0.08 g/L/h |
X. campestris PTCC1473; immobilized in calcium alginate–polyvinyl alcohol-boric acid gel [63] | Hydrolyzed starch-20.0 g/L Xanthan-9.2 g/L |
pH 6.6, 28 °C, 48 h, 180 rpm |
0.19 g/L/h; reuse in 3 cycles |
X. campestris PTCC 1473; immobilized on plastic (polyethylene) support [64] | Glucose-20.0 g/L Xanthan-8.0 g/L |
pH 7.2, 30 °C, 48 h, 180 rpm |
0.17 g/L/h |
Alginate | |||
Pseudomonas stutzeri [65] | Sucrose-20.0 g/L Alginate-5.0 g/L |
pH 7.0, 30 °C, 600 h, 200 rpm | 0.008 g/L/h |
Azotobacter vinelandii 12 [66] | Sucrose-35.0 g/L Alginate-2.7 g/L |
pH 7.2, 28 °C, 72 h, 210 rpm |
0.04 g/L/h |
A. vinelandii, NRRL-14641 [67] | Apple peels-10.0 g/ Alginate-180.6 mg/g |
pH 7.5, 38 °C, 48 h |
3.76 mg/g/h. |
A. vinelandii AT9; mutant strain [68] | Sucrose-20.0 g/L Alginate-3.8 g/L |
pH 7.2, 29 °C, 72 h, 200 rpm |
0.05 g/L/h |
A. vinelandii B10436; immobilized in PVA cryogel [22] | Sucrose-30.0 g/L Alginate-2.5 g/L |
pH 7.0, 29 °C, 72 h, 200 rpm |
0.035 g/L/h; reuse in 5cycles |
Pullulan | |||
Aureobasidium melanogenum TN1-2 [69] | Sucrose-140.0 g/L Pullulan-114.0 g/L |
28 °C, 132 h, 250 rpm |
0.86 g/L/h |
Rhodosporidium paludigenum PUPY-06 [70] | Sucrose-50.0 g/L Pullulan-21.0 g/L |
pH 6.0, 25 °C, 168 h, 150 rpm | 0.125 g/L/h |
A. melanogenum A4 [71] | Maltose-303.0 g/L/ Pullulan-122.3 g/L |
pH 7.0, 30 °C, 120 h, 180 rpm | 1.02 g/L/h |
A. pullulans Y-4137; immobilized in PVA cryogel [15] | Hydrolysate of Jerusalem artichoke tubers, hydrolysate of potato pulp, hydrolysate of Chlorella vulgaris biomass (glucose-15.0–25.0 g/L) Pullulan-3.5–16.8 g/L |
pH 5.5, 26 °C, 50 h, 200 rpm | 0.07–0.33 g/L/h reuse in 15 cycles |
Bacterial cellulose (BC) | |||
Lactobacillus hilgardii IITRKH159 [72] | Fructose-50.0 g/L BC-7.2 g/L |
28 °C, 384 h | 0.02 g/L/h |
Komagataeibacter maltaceti [73] | Dextrin-8.0 g/L BC-6.5 g/L |
pH 6.0, 30 °C, 134 h | 0.05 g/L/h |
K. nataicola [73] | Maltose-10.0 g/L BC-5.4 g/L |
pH 6.0, 30 °C, 134 h | 0.04 g/L/h |
K. rhaeticus [74] | Acerola waste hydrolysate- 50.0 g/L + glucose 20.0 g/L BC-2.3 g/L |
pH 3.6, 30 °C, 288 h |
0.008 g/L/h |
Medusomyces gisevii Sa-12 [75] | Miscanthus biomass hydrolysate (sugars-20.1–21.2 g/L) BC-1.24 g/L |
pH 4.0–4.6, 27 °C, 288 h | 0.004 g/L/h |
Gluconacetobacter xylinus CGMCC 2955; mutant strain [76] | Glucose-25.0 g/L BC-4.3 g/L |
pH 6.0, 30 °C, 360 h |
0.012 g/L/h |
K. xylinum; immobilized in PVA cryogel [32] | Glycerol-20.0 g/L BC-2.8 g/L |
pH 7.0, 28 °C, 168 h |
0.017 g/L/h |
Aspen sawdust hydrolysate (sugars-42.0 g/L) BC-2.9 g/L |
0.017 g/L/h | ||
Wheat straw hydrolysate (sugars-38.0 g/L) BC-3.6 g/L |
0.021 g/L/h | ||
Rice straw hydrolysate (sugars-40.0 g/L) BC-3.5 g/L |
0.021 g/L/h | ||
Jerusalem artichoke tubers hydrolysate (sugars-53.0 g/L) BC-4.5 g/L |
0.027 g/L/h | ||
Chlorella vulgaris C1 biomass hydrolysate (sugars-45.1 g/L) BC-2.6 g/L |
0.015 g/L/h | ||
Laminaria saccharina biomass hydrolysate (sugars-36.6 g/L) BC-0.07 g/L |
0.0004 g/L/h | ||
Acanthophora muscoide biomass hydrolysate (sugars-56.0 g/L BC-0.4 g/L |
0.002 g/L/h | ||
Ulva lactuca biomass hydrolysate (sugars-24.1 g/L) BC-0.08 g/L |
0.0005 g/L/h reuse in 10 cycles |
||
Fructo-oligosaccharides | |||
A. pullulans FRR 5284 [77] | Sucrose-500.0 g/L Fructo-oligosaccharides-306.3 g/L |
pH 5.5, 55 °C, 3 h | 102.1 g/L/h |
A. pullulans CCY 27-1-94; immobilized on reticulated polyurethane foam [78] | Sucrose-200.0 g/L Fructo-oligosaccharides-108.2 g/L |
pH 5.5, 28 °C, 25 h, 150 rpm |
4.33 g/L/h |
A. pullulans CCY 27-1-94; immobilized on walnut shell [78] | Sucrose-200.0 g/L Fructo-oligosaccharides-126.5 g/L |
pH 5.5; 28 °C; 36 h, 150 rpm |
3.51 g/L/h |
Curdlan | |||
Bacillus cereus PR3 [79] | Starch-100.0 g/L Curdlan-20.9 g/L |
30 °C, 96 h, 200 rpm |
0.22 g/L/h |
Paenibacillus sp. NBR-10 [80] | Sucrose-50.0 g/L Curdlan-4.8 g/L |
pH 7.0, 35 °C, 84 h, 200 rpm |
0.06 g/L/h |
Agrobacterium sp. ATCC 13140 [81] | Juice of discarded asparagus– 100 g/L (Sucrose-50.0 g/L) Curdlan-40.2 g/L |
pH 5.5, 30 °C, 168 h, 200 rpm |
0.24 g/L/h |
Agrobacterium sp. DH-2 [82] | Cassava starch hydrolysate (sugars-90 g/L) Curdlan-28.4 g/L |
pH 5.5, 30 °C, 96 h, 250 rpm | 0.30 g/L/h |
Agrobacterium sp. CGMCC 11546; mutant strain [83] | Sucrose-60.0 g/L Curdlan-48.0 g/L |
pH 5.0, 30 °C, 96 h, 280 rpm | 0.50 g/L/h |
Agrobacterium sp. IFO 13140; immobilized on loofa sponge [84]; | Glucose-50.0 g/L Curdlan-17.8 g/L |
pH 6.5, 30 °C, 240 h, 150 rpm |
0.07 g/L/h; reuse in 5 cycles |
Succinoglycan | |||
Rhizobium radiobacter ATCC4720 [85] | Rice husk hydrolysate-100.0 g/L Succinoglycan-69.0 g/L |
pH 7.0, 30 °C, 72 h, 100 rpm | 0.96 g/L/h |
R. radiobacter ATCC4720 [86] | Deproteinized whey–50.0 g/L Succinoglycan-13.7 g/L |
pH 7.0, 30 °C, 192 h,180 rpm |
0.07 g/L/h |
R. radiobacter 18052 N-11; mutant strain [87] | Sucrose-70.0 g/L Succinoglycan-32.5 g/L |
pH 7.2, 30 °C, 72 h, 250 rpm |
0.45 g/L/h |
Agrobacterium radiobacter NBRC 12665; immobilized on loofa sponge [88] | Sugarcane molasses-75.0 g/L Succinoglycan-14.1 g/L |
pH 7.0, 30 °C, 192 h, 180 rpm |
0.07 g/L/h; reuse in 5 cycles |